NAMES OF EXTERNAL PARTS. 469 



(//) to the front end of the withers, and another line 

 drawn from the point of the elbow (/) to the rear end 

 of the withers. Anatomically speaking, the shoulders 

 consist of the humerus (the bone which lies between 

 the elbow and the point of the shoulder), shoulder 

 blade, and the muscles which cover them. 



The crest ( T) is the upper part of the neck, extend- 

 ing from the withers to the ears. 



The jugular groove ( U) is the groove which is on 

 each side of the neck, just above the wind-pipe. It 

 marks the course of the jugular vein. 



The poll ( V) is the part on the top of the neck, 

 immediately behind the ears. 



The breast is the front portion of the body which 

 we see between the fore legs and below a line con- 

 necting the points of both shoulders, when looking at 

 the animal from the front. The chest is the cavity 

 which is covered by the ribs, and which contains the 

 lungs,, heart, etc. Therefore, instead of saying that a 

 horse which struck a fence without rising at it, 

 "chested" it, we should, on the contrary, say that 

 he " breasted " it. This confusion between the terms 

 "breast" and "chest" is not unusual. 



The brisket (16) is the part formed by the breast- 

 bone, and is the lower part of the chest. 



The girth-place is that portion of the brisket which 

 is just behind the fore legs, and which the girths pass 

 under when the horse is saddled. 



The back (4 and 1 1 ) is practically the withers and 

 that portion of the upper part of the body which is 



