PIPES, CONDUITS, ETC. 



The use of pipes, flumes and lined channels, for conveying water long 

 distances, will ultimately come into extensive use in all sections where 

 water is scarce and costly. 



Few of us realize the enormous losses by seepage and evaporation in 

 conveying water by means of opens canals and laterals. Mr. Dakin esti- 

 mates this waste at from 25 to 50 per cent., and cites one instance where it 

 was far greater a canal in the San Joaquin Valley, which took 90 cubic 

 feet per second at its head, and only delivered 14 cubic feet per second on 

 the farms 28 miles away. " Some put," says Mr. Dakin, " the loss of 

 farmer and canal proprietor together as high as nine-tenths of the water 

 diverted, others at three-fourths, and it is rarely calculated at less than 

 the latter figure." 



Professor Mead, who fills the chair of Physics and Engineering in the 

 Colorado Agricultural College, calculates that the atmosphere takes up 

 from the surface of the Poudre district (in Northern Colorado), during the 

 months of June and July, at least one thousand cubic feet of water per 

 second. 



It is evident, therefore, that the time is not far distant when, instead of 

 open, excavated channels in the soil for conveying water, closed or imper- 

 vious piping, flumes and the like will be largely employed. 



In California, according to Mr. Hinton's report, the following conduits 

 are used: (1) Wooden flumes, (2) lined channels, (3) wrought iron 

 riveted asphalted pipes, (4) wrought iron asphalted pipes, (5) terra cotta 

 pipes, (6) cemented pipes, (7) asphalt pipes. Of course, whatever is 

 selected for this purpose must be able to resist the action of the salts as 

 well as of the elements. 



