86 HORTICULTURE BY IRRIGATION. 



be treated, the liquid in quantity is put in a barrel and drawn on a wagon 

 with a good force pump attached to the barrel. To the pump is attached 

 a hose through which, and a "Nixon Cyclone Nozzle," the liquid is scat- 

 tered in the form of a finely divided spray. 



In spraying trees, a light pole about ten feet in length is attached, 

 by means of which the spray is brought closer to the trees and avoids 

 wetting and inhaling of the poison by the operator. 



Arsenical solutions need to be frequently agitated to keep the powder 

 in suspension, and to prevent its settling. The greatest care should be 

 exercised in the handling -of poisons that they be not inhaled, nor 

 permitted to come in contact with the skin when broken, nor used on 

 plants soon to be used as food. The mineral should be well mixed and 

 applied with great force to the tree. 



White hellebore is a vegetable poison. It kills insect life by contact 

 as well as on being taken into the stomach. It will cause death to per- 

 sons if taken in any quantity, hence it should be handled with care. It 

 is a standard remedy for the currant worm and the various species of plant 

 lice, which are the bane of plant growers in a dry climate. It is best 

 applied as -a liquid, combining one pound of the powder with twenty-five 

 to thirty gallons of water, using the fcrce pump and nozzle as in the case 

 of Paris green. 



Kerosene emulsion is without doubt the most effective of all the 

 remedies employed to destroy insects that have mouth parts adapted to 

 sucking the juices of plants, and it is effective only as it comes in contact 

 with their bodies. The best emulsion is that made from the formula used 

 by Dr. Kiley, the eminent entomologist. It is as follows: 



Kerosene, 2 gallons. 

 Soap, 3/2 pound. 

 Water, 1 gallon. 



Heat the water, dissolving the soap in it, and then add it boiling hot 

 to the kerosene. Churn the mixture forcibly by means of a force pump 

 and spray nozzle for five or ten minutes, when the mixture will have 

 assumed a creamy appearance, the globules of oil will have disappeared, 

 and the result is a staple emulsion. Before using, dilute with from nine to 

 fifteen parts of water to one of the emulsion. Good judgment must be 

 exercised in regard to the strength at which it is applied. For if applied 

 at full strength to plants at the beginning of the growing season it will 

 certainly kill them. Later in the season they would stand a stronger 

 dose with impunity. 



