110 



WALLS, ESPALIER-RAILS, AND TRELLIS- WORK. 



in walls built in the direction of east and west, because the roots of 

 the trees planted on the one side of the wall are liable to extend 

 themselves to the border on the opposite side, which not being ex- 

 posed to the same temperature as that on the other side, the excite- 

 ment which they receive from atmospheric temperature must neces- 

 sarily be different, and consequently unfavourable to growth and the 

 ripening of fruit and wood. 



The permanent copings of walls should not, as a rule, project 

 more than two or three inches, because a greater projection would 

 deprive the leaves of the trees of perpendicular rains in the summer 

 season ; and in spring the trees can be protected from the frost by 

 temporary wooden copings, as already mentioned. In order to admit 

 of fixing these wooden copings securely, iron brackets should be built 

 into the wall immediately under the coping, and these should in all 

 cases be at least 2 ft. long, so as to support a wide temporary coping : 



or, where temporary rafters are to 

 be fixed to the wall for supporting 

 sashes, stones, such as fig. 110, may 

 be built in, to which the rafters 

 may be fitted and fixed by a tenon 

 and pin, as indicated in fig. 111. 

 Along the front border, a row of 

 stone or iron posts, not rising higher 

 than the surface, may be perma- 

 nently fixed, on which a temporary 

 front wall or plate, for the lower 

 ends of the rafters, may be placed. 



Fig. 110. 



Stone for fixing temporary rafters. 



Fig. 111. 



The garden-walls for arrangements of this kind should be flued. 



Stones for fixing rafters can only be wanted on the south side of east 



and west walls, because glass 

 is seldom placed before walls 

 with any but a south aspect. 

 The permanent coping is 

 generally formed of flagstone, 

 slate, artificial stone, tiles or 

 bricks, and raised in the 

 middle so as to throw the 

 rain-water equally to each 

 side ; and in the case of stone, 

 a groove or throating is formed 

 underneath, an inch within 

 the edge, to prevent the water 

 from running down and rot- 

 ting the mortar. Where the 

 coping is very broad, and 



formed of flagstone, it is some- 

 Mode ofjtong temporary rafters. timeg hollow & ed QU ' t along ^ 



middle, so as to collect the rain-water, from which it is conveyed to a 

 drain along the foundation of the wall by pipes ; but this mode is 



