TRANSPLANTING AND PLANTING. 



283 



Fig. 252. 



of those poles being made fast to stakes, so as to cross over the roots 



and hold them tightly down. Fig. 252 shows a plan and elevation of 



a newly-removed tree, the roots of which 



are fastened down in this manner by means 



of the rods, a, and stakes, b ; the latter 



being securely nailed to the former, and 



the whole covered with soil, as shown by 



the dotted line c. Trees of moderate size 



may also be secured against high winds 



by inserting a stout stake in the soil in the 



bottom of the pit in which the tree is to be .__. f _.A 



planted, of sufficient length to reach four 



or live feet above the surface, securing it 



firmly there before planting the tree, and 



afterwards placing the stem of the tree 



close to it, and fastening it by some soft 



tie. Three larch poles fixed in this manner, 



so as to form a triangle, converging at top 



to the thickness of the stem of the tree, the 



tree being planted in the centre, would 



serve at once as a firm prop, and as a pro- 



tection from cattle. Another mode is to 



cover the surface of the ground for four or 



more feet round the tree with a number 



of large rough stones. The stones are 



not built up high, but packed close to each 



other, and set on edge, so as to meet and 



form a continuous, but very rugged surface round the foot of the tree. 



The stones are placed in ordinary cases to the distance of four 



feet, which is sufficient to keep off cattle and horses. Horses and 



cattle are also kept at a distance from the trees by a series of 



horizontal rails, forming a tabular polygon round the tree fifteen or 



eighteen inches in height, and ten feet in diameter (see * Gard. Mag.,' 



vol. vi. p. 47). Fig. 253 shows the general appearance of a tree 



fenced round in this manner. Fig. 254 is a vertical profile of the 



horizontal frame-work ; and fig. 255 is a cross section. In this sec- 



tion the posts are shown, inclined a little outwards, the better to resist 



pressure from cattle or sheep in that direction. The advantage of this 



fence is its economy in requiring only short pieces of not very stout 



timber, and its inconspicuousness when seen at a distance. 



The machinery for moving large trees has been adverted to, to which 

 it may be added that trucks or sledges, poles and ropes, require to be 

 abundantly provided : though for ordinary purposes, a wood gin or a 

 pair of high wheels and an axle for large trees without balls, and a 

 sledge with an iron bottom, to be afterwards described, for shrubs with 

 balls, is all that is essential. 



Transplanting Evergreens. There is scarcely any residence in the 

 country in which it is not frequently necessary to transplant evergreen 

 shrubs, sometimes from changes or new arrangements, and sometimes 



winds by underground fasten- 

 ings. 



