TXAIXIXG. 321 



open garden ; because, in the latter case, the whole tree, as well as its 

 branches, are at all times more or less liable to be put in motion by 

 the wind, whereas against a wall they are fixed, and have not the aid 

 of motion to increase their thickness. For these reasons, and also 

 because flat-training is applied to trees which, as ordinary bushes 

 in the open garden, would scarcely produce fruit at all, flat-training 

 cannot be dispensed with. In making choice of a mode of flat-training, 

 the nature of the tree, the climate, soil, and the object in view, must 

 be jointly taken into consideration. Trees of temporary duration, 

 which naturally produce numerous divergent branches, such as the 

 peach and the apricot, are best adapted for fan-training, where the 

 climate is favourable; but in a cold climate, an approach to the 

 horizontal manner may be preferable, by lessening the quantity of 

 wood produced, and thus facilitating its ripening. The horizontal 

 system of training produces the greatest constraint on nature, and is 

 therefore adapted for fruit trees of the most vigorous growth, and of 

 large size, such as the pear and apple, which are almost always trained 

 in this manner, whether on walls or espaliers. For plants producing 

 shoots having little or no tendency to ramify, and which are of short 

 duration, such as the vine, climbing roses, &c., the perpendicular 

 manner is the most natural and the easiest ; nevertheless, by disbud- 

 ding and training, plants of this kind can be made to assume the fan 

 form, and thus be rendered more productive in blossoms and fruit than 

 if trained in a manner which is more natural to them ; and in the case 

 of the vine, even the horizontal system may be adopted, because its 

 shoots are of great duration. We shall first describe the methods of 

 training dwarfs and standards in the open garden, and next the diffe- 

 rent modes of flat-training on walls and espaliers. 



Dwarfs in the open "garden are trained in the form of hollow bushes, 

 concave, or shaped like cups, urns, goblets, or barrels, the form being 

 in every case produced by training the shoots to a frame-work of rods 

 and hoops. Dwarfs are also trained in the form of globes, balloons, 

 cylinders, low cones, pyramids, triangles, and sometimes with the 

 branches in regular stages like a chandelier. Most of these forms are 

 also capable of being varied by training the shoots which compose their 

 form vertically, horizontally, obliquely, or spirally ; and also by tying 

 down the current year's shoots as soon as they have ceased elongating, 

 in the manner of quenouille training, to be afterwards described. All 

 dwarfs, whether to be left to nature or trained artificially, are grafted 

 on stocks naturally of humble growth, such as the quince or the 

 mountain-ash for the pear, the doucin or the paradise for the apple, the 

 Mahaleb for the cherry, the Myrobolan or the sloe for the plum, &c. 



Spiral Cylinders. Of all these different modes of training dwarfs, 

 that which best deserves adoption in a small garden is the spiral 

 cylinder ^ the training of which is thus described by Mr. Hayward : 

 " Prune and manage the tree so that it shall form from three to six 

 branches of as nearly equal size as possible, within about six or eight 

 inches of the ground, as in fig. 270 ; and as soon as the branches are 

 grown from three to five feet long, fix six rods or stakes ID to the earth 



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