TRAINING. 333 



advantage of in training trees on flat surfaces. All the main branches, 

 which in the common mode of fan-training, and also in Seymour's 



mode, are laid in at 



' 297 ' an angle of 45, are F K 



. by Hayward's mode 

 laid in much nearer 

 the horizontal posi- 

 tion, but always with 

 Illustrative of wavy- t h e j r extreme points Wavy-training, first stage. 



turned up. Trees 



may be trained in this manner either without a main stem, with one 

 main stem, or with two main stems. 



Wavy Fan-training with Two Stems. Suppose that the object is 

 " to cover a space of wall of sixteen feet in length and twelve feet 

 high, we must obtain a plant with two equal stems, growing from 

 the same base, of four feet each ; and in order to bring the fruiting 

 part of the tree as near the earth as possible, and to fill the lower part 

 of the wall or trellis, we must bend 

 each of the stems down, as in fig. 

 298 ; and all the buds being removed, 

 but three at each extremity, A, A, those 

 will take the full quantity of sap sup- 

 plied by the root, and form shoots of 

 proportionate strength, and those shoots 

 during the summer may be trained up- 

 wards, as in fig. 299. The following Wavy-training, second stage. 

 winter the side branches must be 



brought down to their proper position to the right and left, as in 

 fig. 300. If the horizontal branches are four feet long, or of the full 

 length required to fill the space of sixteen feet allowed, the points of 

 those branches must be laid 



flat, as at i, on the right- Fig. 300. 



hand side of 300; but if 

 they are required to grow 

 longer, the points must be 

 turned up, as on the left- 

 hand side, k. The next 

 object must be to man- 

 age the centre shoots, or Wavy-training, third stage. 

 stems, which are to fur- 

 nish horizontals, so as to cover the upper part of the wall. There 

 are two modes of effecting this : the one to bend the leading branch 

 in a serpentine form, as represented at &, in fig. 300, and form the 

 bends so that they may present a wood bud on the upper side of 

 each, at from four inches to nine inches apart, which will place the 

 horizontals from nine inches to eighteen inches apart on each side 

 all other buds but these being removed, they will be furnished with 

 sufficient sap to form horizontals of due length the following year, 

 and also a centre shoot to form the stem, to be managed in the same 



