338 TRAINING. 



another at g ; then strike a line from e to/, another line from e to g ; train 

 the tree in the fan manner until the shoots reach the lines drawn upon the 

 wall, and then bend them horizontally. If the wall is higher than it is 

 wide, proceed as follows : Plant the tree in the middle of the wall as 

 at A, in fig. 312 ; stick one nail at t, one at &, and one at / -, strike the 

 lines as before ; but instead of spreading out the shoots horizontally, 



Fig. 310. 



Horizontal training and fan-training combined. 



train them perpendicularly. The chief objection to this mode of train- 

 ing is that the centre of the tree will run away with the strength from 

 the sides. To prevent this, the sides might be raised and the centre 

 depressed. A similar mode of training has been adopted for the finer 

 apples and best late pears : fig. 313 represents a tree one year from 

 the graft, newly planted, and afterwards cut down to two buds on each 



Fig. 311. 



Horizontal and fan-training combined. 



shoot. Fig. 314 represents the same tree two years old, and fan- trained. 

 Fig. 315, the same tree three years old, cut back and fan-trained. 

 Fig. 316, the same tree six years old, fan-trained; the shoots brought 

 down in a curvilinear form to the horizontal direction, and different 

 years' growth marked one, two, three, four, five, six. The centre is 

 still trained in the fan form, and the branches brought down yearly, 

 until the tree reaches to the top of the wall, where the fan-training 

 terminates, and the branches are trained forward horizontally. 



Perpendicular training is comparatively little used, excepting on 

 espaliers and for climbing shrubs, such as roses, the vine, and the 

 gooseberry and currant, when trained against a wall or espalier rail. 



