TRAINING. 



Fig. 312. 



The principle is to have two horizontal main stems on the lowest part 

 of the wall or trellis, and to train from these upright shoots at regular 



distances. Sometimes four horizontal main 

 stems are used two at the bottom, and 

 the other two half way up the wall or 

 espalier ; but this mode is chiefly adopted 

 with the vine. With the exception of the 

 latter plant and the fig, when trained in 

 this way, the main horizontal branches are 

 very short, seldom in the case of the rose, 

 gooseberry, or currant, extending more 

 than two feet or three feet from each side 

 of the stem. A young plant with two shoots 

 may have these shortened to one foot each 

 in length, and tied to the lower bar or wire 

 of the trellis, as in fig. 317. This 

 being done in autumn, next year g> 

 two upright shoots will be pro- \ 

 duced, and an addition made to 

 the horizontal shoots, as in fig. 

 318. The third year two other 

 upright shoots, or if the plant is 

 in a vigorous state, four will be 

 produced, as in fig. 319 ; and 

 this will generally be found suffi- 

 cient horizontal extension for a 

 gooseberry, currant, or rose. (See fig. 320.) The six upright shoots 

 now established will advance at the rate of from nine inches to a foot 



\mm 



Horizontal and upright 

 training combined. 



in a 



Fig. 314. 



yea: 



if 



Fig. 315. 



the plants are 

 gooseberries or 

 currants, but a 

 great deal faster 

 if they are 

 climbers of any 

 kind. This 

 mode of train- 

 ing is fre- 

 quently com- 

 bined with the 



fan manner, when vines, roses, Wis- 

 tarias, or other luxuriant climbers, 

 are to be trained against the gable- 

 ends of houses, as shown in fig. 312. 



Perpendicular training is often beautifully done on the Continent. 

 This mode, in the hands of a careful trainer, is very favourable to a 

 regular distribution of the energy of the tree, so to say. A simple 

 modification of this form leads to no little improvement in the training 

 of ornamental climbers against walls. Much the best result from 



z 2 



Half -fan training, 

 second stage. 



Half-fan training, third stage. 



