THE ROOT-PRIXCirLES OF MIND. 59 



Thus the two faculties are, as it were, necessarily bound 

 together. But here another consideration arises. They are 

 thus bound together only up to the point at which the adap- 

 tive movements are dependent upon the machinery supplied 

 by nature to the organism itself. As soon as the power of 

 discrimination has advanced far enough to be, not only con- 

 sciously precipient, but deliberatively rational, a wholly new 

 state of things is inaugurated. For now the organism is no 

 longer dependent for its adjustments upon the immediate 

 results of its own co-ordinated movements. From the time 

 that a stone was first used by a monkey to crack a nut, by a 

 bird to break a shell, or even by a spider to balance its web, 

 the necessary connexion between the advance of mental dis- 

 crimination and muscular co-ordination was severed. With 

 the use of tools there was given to Mind the means of pro- 

 gressing independently of further progress in muscular co- 

 ordination. And so marvellously has the highest animal 

 availed itself of such means, that now, among the civilized 

 races of mankind, more than a million per cent, of his adjus- 

 tive movements are performed by mechanisms of his own 

 construction. Wonderful as are the muscular co-ordinations 

 of a tight-rope dancer, they are nothing in point of utility as 

 compared with the co-ordinated movements of a spinning- 

 jenny. Therefore, although man owes a countless debt of 

 gratitude to the long line of his brutal ancestry for bequeath- 

 ing to him so surpassingly exquisite a mechanism as that of 

 tli<; human body — a mechanism without which it would be 

 impossible for him, with any powers of mind, to construct 

 the artificial mechanisms which he does — still man may justly 

 feel that his charter of superiority over the lower animals is 

 before all else secured by this, that his powers of adjustive 

 movement have been emancipated from their necessary 

 alliance with his powers of muscular co-ordination. 



I say, from his powers of muscular co-ordination, because 

 it is evident that our powers of adjustive movement, and so 

 of adaptation in general, have never been, and can never be, 

 emancipated from a necessary alliance with our powers of 

 nervous co-ordination. 



I shall now sum up the results of our enquiry so far 

 as it has hitherto gone, First, we Pound the Criterion of 

 Mind, ejectively considered, to consist in the exhibition of 



