IMAGINATION. 149 



The authorities which I have been able to find who 

 assert that dreaming occurs in Birds are Cuvier, Jerdon, 

 Houzeau, Bechstein, Bennet, Thompson, Lindsay, and Dar- 

 win.* Thompson also says that Crocodiles dream, but as he 

 gives no references to substantiate the statement, I have 

 ignored it, and in the diagram placed dreaming on a level 

 with Birds, as the lowest animals which I feel there is 

 adequate evidence to accredit with this faculty. According 

 to the writer last named, who is generally accurate, " Among 

 Birds the stork, the canary, the eagle, and the parrot; and 

 among the Mammalia the elephant, the horse, and the dog, 

 are incited in their dreams." Bennet noticed that water- 

 birds moved their legs in their sleep, as if in the act of 

 swimming ; and Hennabe heard the hyrax utter a faint cry. 

 Bechstein has described dreaming in a bullfinch, and the 

 dreams appeared to be of the character of nightmares, for 

 " the terror begotten during sleep was such that it required 

 its mistress's interference to prevent bad effects. It fre- 

 quently fell from its perch, but became immediately tranquil- 

 lised and reassured by the voice of its mistress." Lastly, 

 Houzeau asserts that parrots sometimes talk in their sleep."f 



Tlie second class of facts on which I rely as proof of 

 [magination of the third degree in animals is that of Delu- 

 sions. 



Dr. Lauder Lindsay writes with truth: — "Delusions of 

 Bight in animals take the form, as in man, of phantoms or 

 phantasma . . . of imaginary persons, animals, or things. 

 And, moreover, it would appear to be the same kind of 

 spectral images that occur in other animals as in man, in 

 canine rallies, for instance, as in human hydrophobia."} On 

 this subject Fleming writes :— "It (i.e., a rabid dog) appeared 

 if it was haunted by some horrid phantoms. ... At 

 times it would seem to be watching the movements of some- 

 thing on the Hour, ami would dart suddenly forward and bite 



* Bee, for original passage! or references, "Birde of India, toL i, p. xxi j 

 Facultst-Mmtalet dee Animaux, Sfc, tome ii, p. 1«3; Mind in the Lower 



Animate, roL ii, p. 'M; Paeeione of Animals, p. GO; and Descent of Man, 



p. 74. 



f According to Pierguin, Oner, Elam, nn<l Lindsay, dreaming in animal s 



be so \i\i<l as t<> bad to somnambnlism (see Lindsay, loo. ait., p. 97, 



/.). Thus Oner asserts thai "the somnambulistio watch-dog prowls in 



search "f imaginary strangers or foes, and exhibits towards them ■ whole 



series ol pantomimic actions," including barking. 



X Loo. eit., p. IU3. 



