158 Dr. C. Addison. On the Topographical 



the general condition, the cause of death, the dimensions of the trunk 

 in various directions, the distances from one another of the various 

 bony and other surface points and their relations to the lines used to 

 divide the abdomen, and various other general and particular facts. 

 At the end of the examination the relations of the various surface lines 

 to the vertebral column and the parts at the back of the abdomen were 

 measured and recorded, as will be explained. These tables are presented 

 in an appendix as the Individual Case Tables. 



The different bony and other surface points, the parts of the costal 

 arch, and the lines used to divide the abdomen in their appropriate 

 positions were then drawn on the life-size scale on large sheets ruled in 

 centimetre squares. 



The abdomen was divided vertically by three lines, a middle line 

 and two lateral lines, one drawn upwards on each side through a point 

 midway between the anterior superior spine of the ilium and the 

 middle line. Lines were drawn transversely across the trunk through 

 points a quarter-way, half-way, and three-quarters of the way along a 

 tape drawn from the pubes to the supra-sternal notch. The lower two 

 transverse lines were abdominal. Steel pins 14 inches long, sufficiently 

 thick, so as to ensure rigidity, and with long well-sharpened points, were 

 then hammered through the abdomen at right angles to the table, into 

 which they were driven when they failed to fasten themselves in the 

 bony skeleton. Six pins were driven through the abdomen ; three in 

 each transverse plane, one on the middle line and one in each lateral 

 line. 



The anterior abdominal wall was then cut free of the pins and 

 reflected so as to completely expose the parts beneath. 



The various viscera and other parts were then measured in relation 

 to the pins in various directions at the point of transfixion, and a life- 

 size outline of them made on the ruled sheets. No parts were dis- 

 turbed before measurement, and they were cut away piecemeal, as 

 required, to expose the parts beneath. In this way, at length, a com- 

 plete map of all the viscera was obtained in relation to the pins pro- 

 jecting the surface-marking through the abdomen. The same applies 

 to the lines of the peritoneal attachments. Subsidiary drawings were 

 made, as might be required, of peritoneal pouches or other parts, and 

 of the viscera from different aspects. At the end of the examination 

 the relations of the pins to the parts of the skeleton behind and to the 

 brim of the pelvis were recorded and drawn. A map of the viscera 

 was in this way obtained both in relation to the surface lines and to 

 the different bony and other surface points, so that if the method of 

 dividing the abdomen had been found unsatisfactory, the measure- 

 ments could be transferred to any other system. Outlines of all the 

 viscera and the chief surface points from each case are represented on 

 one sheet on the life-size scale in the Case Plates of the Appendix. All 



