\\'/idj/'ate Animals i/t India, Ceylon, and Bnriiw. 401 



getic ;iiid Burmese faunas, in reptiles and batrachians. It also contains 

 but few peculiar genera of mammals and birds, and almost all the 

 peculiar types that do occur have Holarctic affinities. The Oriental 

 element in the fauna is very richly represented in the Eastern Himalayas 

 and gradually diminishes to the westward, until in Kashmir and farther 

 west it ceases to be the principal constituent. These facts are con- 

 sistent with the theory that the Oriental constituent of the Himalayan 

 fauna, or the greater portion of it, has migrated into the mountains 

 from the eastward at a comparatively recent period. It is an im- 

 portant fact that this migration appears to have been from Assam and 

 not from the Peninsula of India. 



V. Southern Tenasserim agrees best in its vertebrata with the Malay 

 Peninsula, and should be included in the Malayan sub-region of the 

 Indo- Malay region. 



The continental area of the Indo-Malay or Oriental region is divided 

 into three sub-regions, Cisgangetic, Transgangetic, and Malayan. 



There are several points left which require explanation. There is 

 the much greater richness of the Oriental constituent in the Cisgangetic 

 fauna to the southward in Malabar and Ceylon, although this is far 

 away from the main Oriental area, and the occurrence also in the 

 southern part of the Peninsula of various mammalian, reptilian, and 

 batrachian genera, such as Lori*, Trn<jnlnx, JJn.n-o, Lidlrpi*, and /.<//?.>, 

 which are represented in Burma and the Malay countries but not in 

 the Himalayas or Northern India. In connection with this the limita 

 tion of the Dravidian element to the south of India should also be 

 remembered. Then there is the occurrence of certain Himalayan 

 species on the mountains -of Southern India and Burma, and even 

 farther south, but not in the intervening area. There is also the pre- 

 dominance of the Western, or what I have proposed to call the Aryan, 

 element in the Pleistocene fauna of the Xerbndda Valley, and of 

 Karnul in the north of the Carnatic tract. Lastly we have to account. 

 for the apparently recent immigration of Oriental types into the 

 Himalayas. 



Whilst it is quite possible that other explanations may be found, it 

 is evident that all these peculiarities of the Indian fauna may have 

 been due to the Glacial epoch. The great terminal moraines occurring 

 at about 7000 feet in Sikhim, first discovered by Sir .1. Hooker.* 

 whose observations have been confirmed by my self t and others, 

 and the occiuTence of similar moraines and other indications of ice 

 action at even lower levels in the Western Himalayas, J clearly -how 

 that the temperature of the mountain range must have been much 



* ' Himalayan Journals,' vol. ii, pp. 7, tc. 

 t ' Jour. As. Soc., Beng.,' xl, 1871, Pt. 2, p. 393. 



J Manual of the Geology of India,' Ed. 1, p. 373 ; Ed. 2, p. 14, ami references 

 there quoted. 



