for Blood in Relation to Zoological Classification. 151 



human blood- serum. If allowed to rest, the precipitated substance 

 gravitates to the bottom of the tube. I have now tested upwards of 

 230 bloods obtained from animals of all classes of vertebrates with 

 such anti-serum for human blood, and have, with the single exception 

 of monkey bloods, obtained negative results throughout. Similarly, if 

 rabbits are treated with the blood of the horse, dog, ox, sheep, &c., 

 anti-sera are formed which produce precipitations only in the bloods of 

 the animals whose blood was used for treatment, or, to a lesser extent, 

 in the bloods of nearly allied animals. 



The importance of the test from a medico-legal standpoint has been 

 fully realised, and we can safely look forward to the test being put to 

 practical use in the detection of crime. Whilst Uhlenhuth has proved 

 that dried blood-stains can be used for the test, a solution of the dried 

 blood being made for the purpose, I have shown that human blood 

 which had putrefied for two months is capable of giving a reaction 

 with its homologous anti-serum. I have, moreover, shown that human 

 blood can be detected in a mixture of five or six different bloods 

 brought into solution so that each blood is present but in the quantity 

 of 1 : 500 or 1 : 600. 



As stated above, the only bloods which gave a reaction similar to 

 that of human bloods have been the bloods of different species of 

 monkeys. Since nay papers appeared I have had occasion to test 

 eighteen kinds of monkey bloods. The reaction obtained with monkey 

 blood only differs from that obtained with that of the human subject 

 in degree. Monkey blood gives a feebler reaction than human blood 

 with the anti-serum for human blood. 



Accepting the classification of the Primates given by Flower and 

 Lydekker,* we find that they are classified into two groups, the 

 Lemuroidea (Lemurs) and Anthropoidea (Man and the Apes). As 

 stated by the authors named, the view that the Lemurs belong to the 

 Primates is largely traditional ; they think they should, perhaps, be 

 grouped in a distinct order. There are facts for and against this. 

 Taking the Anthropoidea, we find them divided into the five families, 

 Hapalidae, Cebidse (New World Apes), Cercopithecidse, Simiidse (Old 

 World Apes), and Hominidse (Man). According to Darwin, the Old 

 World apes are more closely related in many respects to the Hominidse 

 than are the New World apes. And it is a striking fact, brought out 

 by the tests I have made, that the New World monkeys give a less 

 marked reaction with the anti-serum for human blood than do the Old 

 World monkeys. On the other hand, the test gave a negative result 

 when applied to the blood of two species of lemur (L. xanthomystax, 

 L. ntfifrons). 



The eighteen monkey bloods tested were as follows : Hapalidae 

 (Hapale pygmcea, Midas cedipus), Cebidae (Mycetes seniculus, Uacaria 

 * ' Mammals, Living and Extinct,' 1891. 



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