152 The New Biological Test for Blood. 



rubicunda, Cehis albifrons), Cercopithecidse (Macacus assamiensis, M. cyno- 

 molgus, M. rhesus, M. ocreatus, Cercopithecus campbetti, C. patas, C. diana, 

 C. lalandi, C. melogenys, C. calUtricha, Semnopithecus entellus), Simiidse 

 (the chimpanzee, Anthropopithecus troglodytes, and Ourang-outang, Simia, 

 satyrus), 



All of these bloods reacted to the anti-serum for human blood, the 

 New World monkey bloods less, and least of these the bloods of the 

 Hapalidse. I am at present attempting to estimate quantitatively the 

 differences in the amount of reaction obtained. 



When the experiment was tried with the anti-serum for dog's blood, 

 the only bloods besides those of the domesticated dog which were 

 found to react were those of other Canidse (C. aureus, C. mesomelas, 

 C. procyonides, C. cerdo). Similarly, the anti-serum for horse blood only 

 gave a reaction with the blood of the horse and donkey. The anti- 

 serums for ox and sheep blood have given reactions, which indicate the 

 existence of a " blood relationship " between certain of the true 

 ruminants. Whereas the anti-serum for ox blood acted powerfully on 

 the blood of the ox and other members of the bovine section, it also 

 produced reactions, but to a lesser degree, with the bloods of several 

 species of the ovine section (Sheep and Goat), with the blood of 

 several species of deer, the antelope and gnu. The anti-serum for 

 sheep's blood gave almost as powerful a reaction with the 1)1 ood of the 

 closely related goat as it did with that of the different species of sheep, 

 and also produced lesser reactions with the bloods of the other rumi- 

 nants above mentioned. 



The above experiments, which are being prosecuted on a large scale, 

 the attempt being made to obtain a variety of anti-sera, indicate with 

 certainty that we possess in this test a most valuable aid in the study 

 of classification of animals. I am at present engaged in producing 

 anti-sera for monkey blood, one of the objects being eminently practical. 

 Just as in the case of the anti-serum for ox blood, which acts power- 

 fully on ox blood and feebly on sheep's blood, and vice versit, we shall 

 by means of both the anti-serum for human blood and the anti-serurn 

 for monkey blood be able to differentiate the blood of man and monkey 

 conclusively. This would scarcely have any practical application in 

 this country, but it might very well be a matter of great medico-legal 

 importance in countries where there are monkeys. Thus, I recently 

 received a letter from Mr. E. H. Hankin, of Agra, stating that a case 

 had come before him where it appeared essential to make a test to 

 determine if certain blood-stains were caused by human or monkey 

 blood. In such cases it would be necessary to prepare anti-sera for 

 the most prevalent genera or species of monkey. 



The more powerful the anti-serum obtained the greater is its sphere 

 of action upon the bloods of related species. For instance, a weak 

 anti-serum for human blood produced no reaction with the blood of the 



