On the Sub-Mechanics of the Universe. 427 



The rate of degradation of the transverse waves, i.e., the dissipation 

 resulting from the angular redistribution of the energy or viscosity is 



5-603 x 10- = /,, 



or such as would require 56,000,000 years to reduce the total energy in 

 the wave in the ratio 1/V 2 , or to one-eighth, thus accounting, by 

 mechanical considerations, for the blackness of the sky on a clear dark- 

 night, while the degradation of the normal wave, i.e., the dissipation 

 resulting from the linear redistribution of energy is such that the 

 jnitial energy would be reduced to one-eighth in the 3'923 x 10~"th 

 part of a second, or before it had traversed 2200 metres ; and thus 

 would account, by mechanical considerations, for the absence of any 

 physical evidence of normal waves, except such evidence as might be 

 obtained within some thousand metres of the origin of the waves, as 

 in the case of Rontgen rays. 



2. In spaces in which there are local unequal inequalities in the 

 medium about local centres owing to the absence or presence of a 

 number of grains in deficiency or excess of the number necessary to 

 render the piling normal, such local inequalities arc permanent, and are 

 attended with inward or outward strains, as the case may be, extending 

 indefinitely throughout the medium, causing dilatation equal every- 

 where to the strains, but of opposite sign, i.e., dilatation equal to the 

 volume of the grains, the presence or absence of which causes the 

 inequality. 



When the arrangement of the grains about the centres is that of a 

 nucleus of grains in normal piling, on which the grains in the strained 

 normal piling rest, the nucleus in normal piling cannot gear with the 

 grains outside in strained normal piling ; so that there is a singular 

 surface of misfit between the nucleus and the grains in strained normal 

 piling. Such singular surfaces are surfaces of weakness, and may be 

 surfaces of freedom, or surfaces of limited stability with the neigh- 

 bouring grains. 



These singular surfaces, when their limited stability is overcome, are 

 free to maintain their motion through the medium, by a process of 

 propagation in any direction, the number of grains entering the surface 

 on the one side being exactly the same as the number leaving on the 

 other side, so that when the inequalities are the result of the absence 

 of grains, they correspond to the molecules of matter. 



If the singular surface of a negative inequality is propagating 

 through a medium which is at rest, the grains forming the nucleus will 

 have no motion, whatever may be the motion of the singular surface. 

 But the strained normal piling which surrounds the singular surface 

 and moves by propagation with the singular surface, being of less 

 density than the mean density of the medium, represents a displace- 

 ment of the negative mass of the inequality, ?>., of the grains absent, 



