PINACEAE. 21 



Leaves green and shiny above with stomata only on 



the lower side. A . grandis. 



Leaves pale above and below and with stomata on 



both sides. A. concolor. 



Abies nobilis Lindi. Nohle Fir. Very large tree, 70-100 m. high, and 

 1-2 m. in diameter; leaves of the upper branches curved upwards, short, 

 rigid, mostly acute, channeled above; cones 12-20 cm. long, nearly covered by 

 the large reflexed bracts. 



In the mountains from Mount Baker and the Olympic Mountains to near 

 the southern boundary of Oregon. 



Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir. Narrowly conical usually 

 densely branched trees, 20-30 m. high and 20-40 cm. in diameter; bark 

 pale, rather smooth but with large resin blisters; leaves 3-5 cm. long, acute, 

 usually sharp-pointed, with abundant stomata on the upper leaf surface; 

 cones narrowly barrel-shaped, usually dark-purple, puberulent, 5-10 cm. long; 

 bracts lacerate, usually not exserted. 



Alaska southward in the mountains to Oregon and Colorado. In the Cas- 

 cade Mountains the southern limit is near Crater Lake, Oregon. It commonly 

 occurs at 1500-2500 m. altitude. In the Olympic Mountains, there is a form 

 with the bracts exserted. This tree was first found by Douglas, probably in 

 the Blue Mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon. 



Abies amabills (Loud.) Forbes. Amahilis Fir. Graceful tree, 30-50 m. 

 high; leaves with few or no stomata on the upper surface, those of the lower 

 branches flat, obtuse or retuse, those of the upper branches curved upward, 

 mostly acute; cones dark-purple, 8-15 cm. long, puberulent. 



In the mountains mostly at 1000-1500 m. altitude, ranging from extreme 

 southern Alaska in the Cascade Mountains to Crater Lake, Oregon, and in 

 the Coast Mountains to Saddle Mountain, near Astoria, Oregon. 



Abies grandis Lindl. White Fir. Large tree, sometimes 100 m. tall and 

 2 m. in diameter, with thin, dark gray, rather smooth bark; branches' hori- 

 zontal or the lower drooping; leaves Imear, obtuse or notched, shining green 

 above, marked beneath by two white lines, 18-30 mm. long, usually arranged 

 in two ranks, giving the foliage a flattened appearance; cones cylindric-oblong, 

 7-10 cm. long, dark green, more or less covered with drops of resin; scales 

 broader than long, entire ; bracts small, deeply notched, each sometimes bearing 

 a short point. 



Common in moist land at low altitudes, from the northern end of Vancouver 

 Island to Sonoma County, California, and eastward to Montana and Wyoming. 



Abies concolor (Gord.) Parry. Large tree, reaching a height of 50-70 m. 

 and a diameter of 1-2 m.; bark ash-gray, deeply furrowed; leaves pale, those 

 of the lower branches 2-ranked, flat, obtuse or retuse, 5-7 cm. long, those of the 

 fruiting branches curved upward and acute; cones olive green or yellowish, 

 sometimes purple tinged, 8-10 cm. long; bracts small, narrowly oblong, 

 truncate or slightly notched, sometimes bearing a short point. 



In the Cascade Mountains of Oregon from Mount Jefferson southward 

 through California; also in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah and Ariz- 

 ona. 



30. PSEUDOTSUGA. 



Very large trees, at first pyramidal and sprucc-likc, often in 

 age more spreading; leaves linear, flat, somewhat 2-ranked 

 by a twist at the base; aments from the axils of the leaves of 

 the preceding year; staminate aments clustered in an oblong or 



