VIOLACEAE. 243 



Viola sempervirens Greene. (F. sarmentosa Dougl.) Nearly glabrous; 

 rootstocks scaly with the old stipules; stems creeping or ascending, slender; 

 leaves cordate-orbicular, crenate, punctate with brownish dots, 2-3 cm. broad; 

 stipules ovate, scarious; peduncles about as long as the leaves; petals yellow, 

 brown veined, the lateral ones bearded; spur short and blunt. 



In open woods, common, blooming in early spring. The leaves remain 

 green over winter. 



Viola hallii Gray. Glabrous; stems from a deep-seated caudex, 10-15 cm. 

 high; leaves deeply 3-parted, the divisions mostly 3-5-cleft or parted, the 

 ultimate segments narrowly lanceolate or linear, obtuse, callus-tipped; petiole 

 slender; upper stipules foliaceous, laciniate or entire; upper petals dark violet, 

 the lower three lemon yellow, the lateral ones bearded at base, 10-15 mm. 

 long; spur short; capsule acute. 



Prairies, Willamette Valley, Oregon, to northern California. 



Viola nuttallii praemorsa (Dougl.) Wats. Stems very short from a thick 

 caudex with fleshy roots; leaves broadly ovate to lanceolate, crenate or suben- 

 tire, pubescent with white hairs, 2-4 cm. long; petioles hairy, longer than the 

 blades; stipules narrow, entire, acuminate; flowers yellow, the peduncles 

 usually longer than the leaves; petals obovate, about 10 mm. long. 



Open prairies from near Tacoma southward. 



Viola glabella Nutt. Whole plant glabrous or nearly so; rootstock rather 

 stout, creeping; stem leafy above, 10-20 cm. tall; radical leaves reniform. 

 acuminate, crenate-serrate, 1-5 cm. broad, long-petioled; cauline similar, 

 short-petioled; stipules thin, membranous, ovate or lanceolate, entire; pe- 

 duncles 2-6 cm. long; petals yellow, purple-veined, 10-12 mm. long; spur short 

 and broad. 



In moist woods in the mountains. 



Viola flettii Piper. Glabrous; rootstocks stout, horizontal; stems 10-15 

 cm. high, bearing 2-4 leaves near the summit; leaves broadly reniform, serrate, 

 obtuse, firm, 3-4 cm. wide; petioles slender; stipules scarious, lanceolate, 

 entire; peduncle axillary, exceeding the subtending leaf; sepals lanceolate, 

 obtuse, minutely puberulent; petals violet, yellow at base, 12-14 mm. long, 

 the lateral ones bearded. 



In rock crevices in the Olympic Mountains at about 1500 m. altitude. 



Viola howellii Gray. Glabrous or nearly so; stems short, 10-20 cm. long; 

 leaves reniform-cordate, crenate-serrate, ciliate, 3-5 cm. broad, the slender 

 petioles 10-20 cm. long; stipules laciniate or the upper ones entire; peduncles 

 about as long as the leaves; flowers violet; lateral petals bearded; spur short 

 and blunv. 



Prairies and open woods, Vancouver Island to Oregon. 



Viola adunca Smith. Stems leafy, short or at length elongated, from 

 creeping rootstocks, nearly glabrous throughout; leaves ovate, obtuse, slightly 

 cordate at base, crenate, usually brown dotted, 1-3 cm. long, on slender petioles 

 5-8 cm. long; stipules foliaceous, lanceolate, fringe-toothed; flowers violet- 

 purple, rarely white; petals 6-12 mm. long, the lateral ones bearded; spurs 

 nearly straight, as long as the petals. 



In open places, common and variable. Typical Viola adiinca has puberu- 

 lent leaves. The glabrous or nearly glabrous form is Viola adunca glabra 

 Brainerd. 



Viola montanensis Rydb. ( V. retroscabra Greene.) Caudex short, 

 branched; stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves ovate-cordate, unevenly crenate, 

 2-5 cm. long, puberulent; petioles slender, 5-8 cm. long, retrorsely pubescent; 

 stipules narrow, fimbriate; peduncles pubescent; sepals lanceolate, acute; 

 petals pale violet, with a short blunt spur. 



In mountain meadows. 



