880 COMPOSIT 4 CYNAROIDEX 
bricated: receptacle mostly flat or convexed, often fimbrillate or densely 
setose. Anthers with tatls at base and commonly with elongated and 
connate cartilaginous apical appendages, their tips distinct. Style- 
branches destitute of appendage, short, sometimes distinct or partly 
so, more commonly united up to the simply obtuse tips, not hirsute or 
hispid, but sometimes an hispidulous or pubescent ring or node below. 
Achenes thickish and hard. Pappus setose or rarely paleaceous. 
Leaves alternate the teeth or margins often prickly. 
SUBTRIBE I CARDUINEZ Achenes attached by their very base. | 
Flowers all perfect ,( except one THISTLE ). 
* Filaments distinct. 
+ Leaves never prickly: style slender, its branches partly distinct: 
filaments glabrous. 
87 Saussurea Involucre obovoid to oblong; its bracts appressed and without 
spinose or hooked tips pappus double, the inner series united at base and 
falling together, the outer distinct and falling separately. 
88 Arctium Involucre globular; its bracts spreading above the appressed 
base and hooked at tip. 
+ + Leaves more or less prickly: style-branches united to or near 
the tip: pappus simple, its bristles united at base and falling together; 
filaments bearded or papillose-pubescent: involucre globose or obovoid, 
of numerous usually prickly-tipped much imbricated bracts. 
89 Carduus Bristles of the pappus long and soft-plumose: receptacle 
densely villous-setose. 
* * Filaments united below, glabrous. 
90 Silybum Involucre depressed-globose, its bracts prickly along the mar- 
gins and tapering into a widely spreading spine; bristles of the pap- 
pus in more than one series. 
SUBTRIBE II CENTAURINEZ Achenes obliquely attached by one 
side of the base or more laterally. Involucre globose or ovoid, its 
bracts appressed and variously appendaged. 
91 Centaurea Achenes more or less compressed or quadrangular: pappus 
of indefinite bristles or narrow palez. 
92 Cnicus Aehenes terete: pappus double, each of 10 aristiform bristles, 
Subtribe i, Carduinex Less. DC. Prodr. vi, 617. Heads discoid, 
homogamous, many-flowered; the flowers all similar, perfect or di- 
cecious. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in several series, often 
spinose at the apex. Corollas usually curved outward, the exterior 
often deeper cleft than the others. Anthers slightly or not at all 
caudate. Achenes attached by their very base, glabrous, with a ter- 
minal areola. 
87 SAUSSUREA DC. Ann. Mus. Par. xvi, 107, t. 10-13. 
Tall herbs with alternate not prickly leaves and middlesized 
heads of purple or dark violet flowers. Heads many-flowered, 
the flowers all tubular, similar and perfect. Bracts of the inyo- 
