664 MELANTHACEZ ZYGADENUS 
TOFIELDIA 
the inner abruptly contracted toa broad claw; gland obcordate: styles 
about 2 lines long’: seeds oblong, angular, not margined, 2 lines long. In 
moist places, eastern Oregon to Alaska and Illinois. | 
Z Douglasii Torr. Pac. R. Rep. vii, Z. Fremonii Watson. Stem 
rather stout, 144-214 feet high: leaves 6-12 lines wide, nearly as long as 
the stem: bracts mostly green, ovate, acuminate, 6-15 lines long; pedicels 
stoutish, 1-2 inches long, exceeding the bracts: perianth-segments white or 
vellowish, free from the ovary, 5-7 lines long, the outer not clawed, the 
inner contracted to a broad claw: glands irregular, toothed on the upper 
margin: stamens about half as long as the segments: styles about a line 
long : capsule 6-12 lines long: seeds less than 2lines long. Along the coast, 
southern Oregon to California. 
* * Flowers smaller, polygamous. . 
Z. paniculatus Watson Bot. King 343. Stem usually stout, 1-2 feet 
high ; leaves 6-8 inches long, usually all sheathing, roughish on both sides, 
mostly falcate: raceme usually panicled, many-flowered: bracts mostly 
scarious, shorter than the pedicels: segments of the perianth 1-2 lines 
long, oblong, acute, rather abruptly contracted to a claw: gland not very 
definately margined, often reaching nearly to the middle of the blade: 
stamens equalling or longer than the segments: capsule oblong-ovate, 6-12 
fs Nn On dry foothills, eastern Oregon and Washington to Montana 
and Nevada. 
Z. venenosus Watson Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 279. Stem rather slen- 
der, 8-30 inches high: leaves 4-15 inches long, 2-3 lines wide, scabrous, the 
cauline not sheathing: racemes usually simple, with narrow scarious ~ 
bracts: perianth free from the ovary, its segments triangular-ovate to 
elliptical, obtuse or rarely acutish, 2-3 lines long, al! abruptly contracted 
to a short glandular claw, the blade rounded or subcordate.at base: gland 
extending slightly above the claw, with a well defined irregular margin: 
stamens longer than the segments; capsule 4-6 lines long: seeds 134-244 
lines long. Common in meadows, California to Brit. Columbia and Utah. 
Z. intermedius Rydb. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, xxvii, 535. Stem rath- 
er stout, 1-2 feet high: leaves scabrous on the margins and midrib, 6 
inches or more long, 3-5 lines wide, keeled and sometimes conduplicate, 
all with conspicuous scarious sheaths at base: raceme rather long: seg- 
ments of the perianth 3-4 lines long, obtuse, the outer ones broadly ovate 
and acute or rounded at base, short-clawed, the inner oblong, subcordate 
at base, with a claw half aline long: gland almost semi-orbicular, the upper 
mare toothed but thin and not well defined. Idaho to Montana and 
tah. 
Z. gramineus Rydb. |. c, Stem slender. 8-14 inches high: leaves 
narrowly linear, scabrous on the margins and midrib, 4-8 inches long, 1-3 
lines wide, conduplicate and somewhat falcate, all with distinct scarious 
sheaths surrounding the stem: racemes rather short: bracts scarious, 
lanceolate, long-acuminate: outer segments of the perianth broadly ovate, 
obtuse, acute at base and very short-clawed, inner ones ovate obtuse, sub- 
cordate at base, with aclaw about a line long: gland almost semiorbicular, 
the upper edge toothed but thin and not well-defined : capsule elongated- 
ovoid, 4-5 lines long. Idaho to Albertia and Nebraska. 
4 TOFIELDIA Huds. Fl. Angl. ed. 2, 157. (1778.) 
Perennial herbs with short. running rootstocks, fibrous roots, 
erect stems, linear somewhat 2-ranked and equitant leaves clus- 
tered at the base and small perfect white or greenish flowers in a 
terminal bracted raceme, the flowers usually involucrate hy 3 
