2 IvEY TO THE FAMILIES 



GjTioecium of distinct carpels; stigma dislf-like or cup-like. 



7. Zanichelliaceae 21 

 Gynoecium of united carpels; stigmas 2-4, slender. 



8. Najadaceae 26 

 Flowers in the a.xlls of dry or chaffy, usually imbricate bracts (glumes). 



Leaves 2-ranked, their sheaths with their raargms not united; stem 



mostly hollow; fruit a grain. 12. Poaceae 29 



Leaves 3-ranked, their sheaths with united margins; stems solid; fruit an 



achene. 13. Cyperaceae 103 



Perianth of 2 distinct series, the inner series usually coroUoid. 

 Gynoecium of distinct carpels. 



Petals similar to the sepals; anthers long and narrow; carpels coherent. 



Petals different from the sepals, in ours white; anthers short and thick; 



carpels not coherent. 10. Alismaceae 27 



Gynoecium of united carpels. 



Stamens numerous; water plants with broad netted-veined floating leaf- 

 blades. 47. Nymphaeaceae 284 

 Stamens 3-6. 



Ovary and fruit superior. 



Stamens dissimilar, or only 3 with fertile anthers; endosperm 

 mealy. 

 Calyx and corolla of free, very different members; stamens 



free. 16. Commelinaceae 144 



Calyx and corolla of quite similar members and partly united ; 

 stamens partly adnate to the perianth. 



17. Pontederiaceae 145 

 Stamens alike and fertile; endosperm fleshy, horny, or cartilagin- 

 ous. 

 Styles present, distinct or united; stigmas terminal. 



Styles distinct; capsule septicidal. 18. Melanthaceae 146 



Styles united, often very short or obsolete dm-ing anthesis. 

 Petals and sepals very imUke; capsules septicidal. 



24. Calochortaceae 171 

 Petals and sepals nearly alike ; capsules loculicidal. 



Sepals and petals chaffy. 19. Juncaeae 149 



Sepals and petals not chaffy. 



Herbs with bulbs, corms or rootstocks. 



Plants with bulbs, or corms, or short erect 

 rootstocks. 

 Flowers in umbels, at first included in and 

 later subtended by a scarious invo- 

 lucre. 20. Alliace.ae 157 

 Flowers solitary or racemose, or in Leuco- 

 crinum by shortening of the stem 

 the inflorescence umbel-like, without 

 involucre. 21. Liliaceae. 163 

 Plants with elongate horizontal rootstocks. 



22. Convallariaceae 166 

 Shrubby plants with woody caudices, or trees. 



23. Dracaenaceae 169 

 Styles wanting. 



Flowers perfect; plants not climbing. 



Leaves and bracts alternate; plants with bulbs; fruit 



a capsule. 24. Calochortaceae 171 



Leaves or leaf-like bracts whorled ; plants with rootstock ; 



fruit a berry. 25. Trilllaceae 172 



Flowers dioecious; plants climbing or trailing. 



26. SMILACACE.A.E 173 



Ovary and fruit whoUy or partly inferior . 



Flowers regular; androecium not reduced; stamens 3 or more. 

 Aquatic plants, dioecious or polygamous. 



11. Elodiaceae 28 



Land-plants with perfect flowers. 



Stamens 6 ; leaves not equitant. 27. Ajvlvrylltd.^ceae 173 



Stamens 3 ; leaves eqiutant. 28. Irid.^ceae 173 



Flowers irregular, perfect; terrestrial or epiphytic plants; stamens 



1 or 2. 29. Orchidace.^e 176 



Subclass 2. DICOTYLEDONES. 



A. Corolla wanting. 



I. Calyx wanting, at least in the staminate flowers. 



Herbs. 



Land plants; styles distinct, cleft or foliaceous; ovaries 3-celled. 



74. Euphorbiaceae 541 

 Aquatic plants; styles simple, united into pairs; ovaries 4-celled. 



75. Callitrichaceae 547 

 Trees or shrubs. 



Fruit 1-seeded; seeds without tufts of hairs. 



