FRANKENIA FAMILY 565 



stamens usually 6; anther-cells elongate, oblong. Bluffs and plains: w Tex. — 

 Colo. — Sonora. Son. Je-Jl. 



Family 85. CIST ACE AE. Rock-rose Family. 



Shrubs or undershrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers nearly 

 regular, usually perfect, solitary, racemose, clustered, or paniculate. Sepals 

 3-5, persistent. Petals 5 or 3, sometimes wanting, fugaceous. Stamens 8, 

 hypogjaious. Gynoecium of several united carpels; ovary sessile, 1-several- 

 celled; ovules orthotropous; styles united; stigma entire or 3-lobed. Fruit 

 a capsule. Seeds several or numerous. Embryo slender; endosperm starchy 

 or fleshy. 



1. CROCANTHEMUM Spach. Frost-weed. 



Undershrubs. Leaves more or less coriaceous, entire, flat or revolute-margined. 

 Flowers of two kind, viz., some with large fugaceous petals and many stamens, 

 the others cleistogamous, apetalous or with small petals, and 3-10 stamens. 

 Styles obsolete or short; stigmas capitate or 3-lobed. Fruit a capsule. Embryo 

 curved. 



1. C. majus (L.) Britton. Hoary canescent herbs, shghtly woody at the base, 

 3-6 dm. high; leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, stellate 

 on both sides, canescent beneath, greener above; petaliferous flowers 5-12, in 

 terminal cymes; sepals densely canescent, the outer nearly as long as the inner, 

 petals yellow, 7-9 mm. long, oval; apetalous flowers clustered in the axils of the 

 leaves, nearlv sessile. Helianlhemum majus (L.) B.S.F. H. canadense Walkerae 

 W. H. Evans. Dry soU: Me.— Va.— Tex.— Colo.— S.D. Plain— Svbmont. 

 Jl-Au. 



Family 86. VIOLACEAE. Violet Family. 



Low herbs, or in the tropics woody. Leaves simple, alternate or basal, 

 with stipules. Flowers perfect, irregular. Sepals and petals 5; the latter 

 imbricate in bud, the lowermost spurred or saccate at the base. Stamens 

 5; anthers united or connivent. Gynoecium of 3 united carpels. Ovary 

 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Capsule loculicidal; seeds anatropous. 



Sepals auricled at the base; corolla spurred. 1. Viola. 



Sepals not aiiricled at the base; lowest petal merely saccate at the base. 2. Calceoiaria. 



1. VIOLA (Tourn.) L. Violet, Hearts-ease, Pansy.* 



L^sually perennial herbs, either bearing leaves and 1-flowered scapes from the 

 crowm of the rootstock, or stemmed, with manifest internodes between the leaves, 

 and with axillary 1-flowered peduncles. Flowers usually of two kinds, those of 

 spring with showy petals and those of summer with petals rudimentary or lack- 

 ing, the latter never opening, but self-fertihzed within the closed calyx; petalifer- 

 ous flowers nodding, pentamerous and irregular as to calyx, corolla and stamens. 

 Sepals 5, persistent in fruit, aviricled at the base. Petals 5, the lowest one 

 spurred. Stamens distinct, but more or less coherent, the two lower furnished 

 with nectar-bearing appendages projecting into the spur. Cap.sule ovoid to 

 cyhndric, 3-valved, bearing 20-60 obovate seeds 1-3 mm. long. 



Plants acaulescent, or without manifest stems. 

 Plants without stolons. 

 Flowers violet-pui pie. 

 Rootstock thick. 



Leaves not lobed nor parted. 

 Leaves and scapes glabrous. 



Spurred petal glabrous, rounded at the apex. 



Peduncles of cleistogamous flowers usually 1-3 cm. long, pros- 

 trate under the soil or dead leaves. 1. V. papilionacea. 



* Contributed by Prof. Ezra Brainerd. 



