44 THE COCCIDAE 



insects with cacti as type, has a species previously referred to the 

 genus Lecanium, hesperidum, named as its type. From this change 

 there has resulted a supression of the generic name Lecanium and 

 of the subfamily name Lecaniinae derived from it. For these the 

 generic name Coccus and the subfamily name Coccinae are sub- 

 stituted. The cochineal insects are referred by Mrs. Fernald to 

 the genus Dactylopius and to the subfamily Dactylopiinae. I have 

 examined the evidence submitted but have been unable to discover 

 any basis for the change and the original application of these generic 

 names, Coccus and Lecanium, has been restored in the following 

 pages. The Tachardiinae and Diaspinae are of the same extent as 

 these groups of Green and Cockerell. A reduction in the number of 

 subfamilies has resulted in the combination of unrelated groups and 

 marked a backward rather than a forward step in the classification 

 of the family. This is more than offset by the way in which this 

 catalogue has made the literature of the family available to the vari- 

 ous students of the group. The United States Bureau of Entomology 

 has issued five supplements, but these include only the names of 

 new genera and species, the place where they were described, the 

 localities, and the host-plants. The same arrangement of sub- 

 families is followed. The classification adopted by Mrs. Fernald 

 was evidently under the sponsorship of Cockerell as the following 

 from the introduction implies. "It gives me much pleasure to 

 acknowledge numerous favors and great assistance received in the 



preparation of this work Especially am I indebted to Prof. 



T. D. A. Cockerell, who for the past two years has been constantly 

 sending me separata and references to foreign literature, besides 

 giving me all possible assistance in regard to classification and 

 synonomy, the result of his extensive studies on the Coccidae from 

 all parts of the world. To him is due much of whatever value 

 there may be in this catalogue. ' ' 



A linear arrangement such as must be used on a printed page 

 is not feasible for showing the phylogeny of a group of animals 

 or plants. This should be kept in mind when examining and 

 judging all of the preceeding classifications. The family Coccidae 

 has been divided into seventeen subfamilies on the following pages. 

 These have been arranged in an ascending order. The following 

 arrangement of the dichotomous groups is an attempt to show 

 graphically by means of a table something as to the lines of 

 modification of these groups and is not a statement of characters 

 to be used for the identification of specimens. The synopsis shows 



