46 THE COCCIDAE 



The coccids in common with all other groups of animals are 

 divisible into two series, a generalized series and a specialized 

 series. These two series are differentiated so far as the Coccidae 

 are concerned by the lack or development of anal lobes and an 

 anal ring, three structures that are closely correlated. The presence 

 of either anal lobes or of an anal ring in one or all the stages of 

 any given species of all but the generalized end of the specialized 

 series although the other, anal lobes or anal ring, is wanting, is 

 considered as indicative of the presence of both anal lobes and an 

 anal ring in the progenitors of the species. 



The generalized series, The Generalized Coccids, includes those 

 subfamilies in which an anal ring and anal lobes are not only 

 wanting but the members of this series were separated off from 

 the progenitors of the coccids before the origin of these structures. 

 The subfamilies of this series, six in number, represent very 

 different types. The long many segmented antennae, the many 

 segmented body, the retention of legs, the two or three segmented 

 rostrum, the retention of ten pairs of spiracles in certain genera, 

 the presence of furcae and apodemae and episterna, and the 

 retention of compound eyes and usually ocelli in the adult male, 

 all mark the Monophlebinae as the most generalized member not 

 only of this series but of the family Coccidae. The four following 

 subfamilies all agree in that the adult females lack a rostralis and 

 probably a rostrum and that the adult males have compound eyes, 

 usually also with ocelli. Each subfamily bears the brand of a 

 different line of development, the Kuwaniinae contains the most 

 generalized species, those which are only slightly different from the 

 Monophlebinae, many of them apparently differ only in the loss 

 of their rostralis. The Xylococcinae, Margarodinae, and Callapap- 

 pinae have each gone along a tangent of its own. In the first the 

 nymphs of the species live in depressions in the solid bark of trees 

 and there has been developed a structure in the rectum for 

 excreting a long thread-like anal tube of wax through which the 

 excretia is passed. The presence of a similar structure in the 

 nymphs of certain Monophlebinae is of interest. In the second 

 subfamily, the loss of legs during certain nymphal stages and the 

 enclosure of the body in a pearly cyst is distinctive. The legs are 

 regained at the last molt. The presence of greatly enlarged 

 prothoracic legs which are fitted for digging, since all the species 

 live upon the roots of plants, in both males and females is not 

 only characteristic but distinctive. In the third subfamily the 



