CLASSIFICATION 49 



The body in the adult female of all the species of Tachardiinae 

 is a bag with the mouth-parts at one end and three tubes at the 

 other. One of the tubes, the mesal one, bears the anus and anal 

 ring and anal ring setae. The mesothoracic spiracles are associ- 

 ated with the other two. These- spiracles reach their present 

 position through a revamping of the body. The first stage nymphs 

 are similar in a general way to those of the Eriococcinae, although 

 the anal lobes and the anal setae are wanting, showing that the 

 usual form of the body of the adult female is derived from a 

 progenitor of a type common to that of the Eriococcinae. The lack 

 of cerores in the adult female, although a considerable amount of 

 wax is excreted, the loss of legs, the presence of canellae with 

 cerores, and the loss of antennae mark it as a distinct line of 

 development. The segmentation is distinct in the first nymphal 

 stage, obscure in the others, and wanting in the adult female. 



The first nymphal stage in the Lecaniinae, while different when 

 examined in detail, has many of the characteristic features of the 

 first nymphal females of the Eriococcinae. The presence of 

 canellae marks a relationship with the Tachardiinae. The segmen- 

 tation is generally obscure in the first nymphal stage, but legs and 

 antennae, while wanting in some of the highly specialized genera, 

 are usually present. The presence of the characteristic anal cleft 

 with an operculum on each side near the caudal end of the anal 

 cleft in the first nymphal stage and at its cephalic end in the adult 

 female is characteristic. The development of an eversible tubulai 

 extension caudad of the anus and anal ring from an invagination of 

 the body-wall is also distinctive. The three subfamilies of the 

 Anal Ring Conservers have features showing their origin from a 

 common progenitor, but many other structures mark the develop- 

 ment of each along a line peculiarly its own. 



Each of the four subfamilies of the Anal Ring Loosers, like 

 each of the subfamilies of the Anal Ring Conservers, has developed 

 along characteristic phylogenetic lines. Lines that are so dis- 

 tinctive that they can not be said to have been derived from any 

 one of the subfamilies of the Anal Ring Conservers. While each 

 of these subfamilies retains features showing their relationship 

 with the generalized species of Eriococcinae, these features are 

 confined for the most part to the first nymphal stage and must be 

 interpreted as indicating a common descent with the Eriococcinae 

 instead of an intimate relationship with or descent from this group. 

 While the anal ring and anal ring setae are more ancient structures 



