50 THE COCCIDAE 



than the anal lobes and anal setae, as already noted, the latter are 

 more persistent and are often retained after the complete loss of 

 the anal ring. The anal lobes and anal ring are retained in the 

 nymphs of Kermesiinae, Asterolecaniinae, and Apiomorphinae, they 

 are usually wanting in the adults, while in the Cylindrococcinae 

 the anal ring is wanting in all nymphal stages as well as in the 

 adult, but anal lobes are generally retained in the first nymphal 

 stage. The naked globular unsegmented body without or with 

 greatly reduced legs and antennae is characteristic of the 

 Kermesiinae ; the vitreous or glassy covering of wax excreted from 

 octacerores is characteristic of the typical Asterolecaniinae; the 

 greatly elongated top-shaped body with the abdomen typically 

 several times the length of the head and thorax together, fitting 

 the insect for a life in an open gall, is characteristic of the 

 Apiomorphinae; and the peculiar circular mite-like bodies with 

 the legs wanting or one pair much longer and larger than the 

 others is characteristic of the Cylindrococcinae. 



In the two subfamilies with the pygidial type of abdomen, 

 all trace of the anal ring and anal ring setae are typically lost in 

 all nymphal stages and the adult. Brittin has recently recorded 

 the presence of an anal ring with anal ring setae in Scutare, a new 

 genus of Conchaspinae from New Zealand. They differ from all 

 other coccids in having the body covered by a loose thin disk-like 

 scale of wax formed by the weaving together of threads of wax. 

 There are two subfamilies included, the Conchaspinae in which the 

 scale is formed from wax excreted from cerores. The legs and 

 antennae are present in all stages and the first abdominal segment 

 bears a pair of spiracles. The abdomen is depressed and the 

 general form of the body is that of the next subfamily, but there 

 is no fusion of segments to form a pygidium like that of the 

 Diaspidinae. In the second subfamily, the Diaspidinae, the scale 

 is formed from wax excreted from ceratubae. The antennae and 

 legs are present in the first nymphal stage but are wanting in the 

 second nymphal stage and the adult female. The abdomen never 

 bears spiracles but is always depressed and the caudal segments 

 are fused into a prominent pygidium which typically bears 

 numerous microscopic projections of great taxonomic value. The 

 scale differs from that of the Conchaspinae in that there is mixed 

 with the wax of the scale the cast skins or exuviae of the nymph. 



The following tables are for the separation of the specimens 

 of the subfamilies listed in the above synopsis. They are artificial in 



