SUBFAMILY LECANIINAE 177 



alder; ornata Hemp, from Brazil on Ariabidaea; plucheae Ehrh. from Cal- 

 ifornia on Pluchea; pruni Hunter from Kansas on plum, white elm; 

 psidii Mask, from New Zealand, Japan, California, etc. on tea, plum, 

 coffee, Citrus, etc.; pulchella Hemp, from Brazil on Baccharis; pyri- 

 formis Ckll. from Trinidad, Jamaica, Grenada, Madeira on guava, cinna- 

 mon, etc.; rhois Ehrh. from California on Rhus; simulans Ckll. from 

 Trinidad, Mexico; spinulosa Leon, from Argentina on Atriplex; tiliae 

 King & Ckll. from Massachusetts on Tilia; tinsleyi King from New Mex- 

 ico on Celtis; tuberculatus Bouche from South America on Malvaceae; 

 urbicola Ckll. from Jamaica, Barbadoes, Trinidad on Capsicum; viburni 

 King from Canada on Viburnum; and vitis Linn, from Europe, United 

 States on Grape. The two common eastern species of the United States 

 can be separated as follows: 



SPECIES OF PULVINARIA 



a. Cuticle of dorsum with distinct large subadjacent alveolae; ovisac 

 much longer than body of adult female and formed upon leaves of 



host-plant. Eastern United States on Maple acericola W. & R. 



aa. Cuticle of dorsum with small distant alveolae; ovisac not much 

 longer than body of adult female and formed upon stems and 

 branches of host-plant. Eastern United States on maple, grape, elm, 

 box elder, etc. vitis Linn. 



Takashasia Ckll. The type species, japonica Ckll. is from 

 Japan on Mulberry 4 second species, jaliscensis T. & W. Ckll. occurs 

 in Mexico on Rhus(?). A third species, citricola Knw. has been de- 

 scribed from Japan on Citrus. 



Ceroplastes Gray. This genus occurs in all parts of the world 

 and includes over sixty species, of which over fifty are found in Amer- 

 ica. The following species are found in the United States: cirripedi- 

 formis Comst. from Florida, Louisiana, Mexico, West Indies on orange, 

 quince, myrtle, persimmon, Solanum, Eupatorium, etc.; cistudiformis 

 Towns. & Ckll. from Mexico, California on Chrysis, Bignonia, Chrysan- 

 themum, Cordia, etc.; floridensis Comst. from southern United States, 

 West Indies, Ceylon, Asia, Australia on Oleander, Citrus, quince, red 

 bay, Anona, Andromeda, etc.; irregularis Ckll. from Mexico, New Mexico, 

 Texas on Atriplex. Cockerell has proposed the following subgeneric 

 groups for the genus Ceroplastes: 



1. "Typical Ceroplastes, with convex scales, in which the lateral 

 plates are large and reach the lower margin; caudal horn (opercularia) 

 usually moderate and directed posteriorly." 



2. Ceroplastina Ckll. Type, C. lahillei Ckll. "Wax abundant, pushing 

 the plates to the dorsal surface; caudal horn mammiform, directed up- 

 wards. Wax of different individuals often confluent." 



3. Ceroplastidia Ckll. Type C. bruneri Ckll. "In this group the 

 wax of the several individuals is thick and always confluent, and the fe- 

 male has become high and narrow." 



Cardiococcus Ckll. Three species are included, two from Aus- 

 tralia and the third, umbonatus Ckll., is from Mexico on wild guava. 



Vinsonia Sign* A single species, stellifera Westw., occurs com- 

 monly on many plants throughout tropical America and Ceylon. 



