SUBFAMILY CYLINDROCOCCINAE 207 



setae. These structures are present, however, in the first nymphal 

 stage and frequently in the other nymphal stages of the female. 

 Maskell figures for the second nymphal stage of the female of the 

 type species, casuarinae Maskell, of the genus Sphaerococcus, an 

 anal ring with two anal ring setae. This genus for this reason 

 should be removed to the subfamily Eriococcinae. It does not 

 follow that the remaining eighteen species of this genus are 

 eriococcids. Two of these have already been removed as the types 

 of new genera, one being referred to the Eriococcinae and the 

 other to the Asterolecaniinae. Several of the other species repre- 

 sent another generic type, particularly the species forming galls 

 from the buds of plants. 



The females of the generalized Anal Ring Conservers have a 

 well developed anal ring with anal ring setae, not only in the 

 adult, but in all nymphal stages of the female. Associated with 

 the anal ring is the presence of anal lobes and anal setae. The 

 anal lobes, when the abdomen is swollen with eggs, become incon- 

 spicuous. One of the lines of specialization in the eriococcids is 

 the gradual suppression of the anal lobes in the adult female fol- 

 lowed by an obsolescence of the anal setae. These structures are 

 both very prominent in the second nymphal stage of the generalized 

 genera, but with specialization are crowded out of this stage into 

 the first nymphal stage. The anal ring and the anal ring setae 

 pass through a similar series of stages of obsolescense. First there 

 is a reduction in the size of the anal ring setae in the adult female 

 followed by a reduction in the number until they are all wanting 

 and the adult female lacks not only the anal ring but the anal ring 

 setae. The second nymphal stage passes through a similar series 

 of changes and reductions. This results in the inclusion in the 

 subfamily Eriococcinae of all those genera whose species are pro- 

 vided with at least some anal ring setae in the first nymphal stage. 



There is considerable question as to whether the Cylindrococ- 

 cinae are a natural group or not. Their structure would suggest 

 that they were highly specialized eriococcids that had gone one step 

 farther. That is they lack an anal ring and anal ring setae not 

 only in the adult female and its second nymphal stage, but also 

 in the first nymphal stage. They usually lack anal lobes and anal 

 setae in all stages or, if present, are greatly reduced in size. If 

 this interpretation is correct, the Cylindrococcinae is not a natural 

 subdivision but simply the highly specialized end of the Eriococ- 

 cinae that has lost through specialization by reduction the charac- 



