vi SCIENCE AND CULTURE 155 



But I am not sure that at this point the "prac- 

 tical " man, scotched but not slain, may ask what 

 all this talk about culture has to do with an 

 Institution, the object of which is defined to be 

 " to promote the prosperity of the manufactures and 

 the industry of the country." He may suggest 

 that what is wanted for this end is not culture, 

 nor even a purely scientific discipline, but simply 

 a knowledge of applied science. 



I often wish that this phrase, " applied science," 

 had never been invented. For it suggests that 

 there is a sort of scientific knowledge of direct 

 practical use, which can be studied apart from 

 another sort of scientific knowledge, which is of 

 no practical utility, and which is termed " pure 

 science." But there is no more complete fallacy 

 than this. What people call applied science is 

 nothing but the application of pure science to par- 

 ticular classes of problems. It consists of deduc- 

 tions from those general principles, established by 

 reasoning and observation, which constitute pure 

 science. No one can safely make these deductions 

 until he has a firm grasp of the principles ; and he 

 can obtain that grasp only by personal experience 

 of the operations of observation and of reasoning 

 on which they are founded. 



Almost all the processes employed in the arts 

 and manufactures fall within the range either of 

 physics or of chemistry. In order to improve 

 them, one must thoroughly understand them ; and 



