156 A, D. 73. 



for the ifland of Mon (Anglefey)^ and the country of the Ordovices 

 {North Wales), though over-run by PauUnus, retained their Uberty, till 

 they were reduced by Agricola feveral years after. 



The fouth-eafl part of the country feems to have now funk into a 

 contented fubje6lion to the Roman yoke : and the trade, formerly car- 

 ried on between Britain and Rome by the way of Gaul, may be pre- 

 fumed to have gradually increafed. But the only additional articles, that 

 I find any account of, were very trifling in a commercial view, viz. a 

 kind of fowl called cheneros, fuppofed by Mr. Whitaker to have been 

 the goofander ; and oyfters from the coaft of Kent, which, though after 

 fo long a carriage they muft have been in a very bad condition, were 

 admired by the epicures of Rome. [Plin. L. ix. c. 54 ; L. x, c. 22. — Ju- 

 venal. Sat. 4.] 



73 — There is reafon to believe, that Hippalus, who taught the Greek 

 traders of Egypt to abridge the navigation to India by trufting their vef- 

 fels in fome degree to the guidance of the monfoons, flretched no farth- 

 er to fea in his firfl: voyage out of fight of land than jufl crofling the 

 wideft part of the entry of the Perfian gulf*. But improvements of real 

 utility are generally carried far beyond the firfl views of the projedor. 

 Succeeding Grecian navigators, having their eyes opened to the many 

 advantages of a fpeedy pafTage, ventured to take their departure from 

 Cane, on the coaft of Arabia, or the promontory of Aromata (Cape Gar- 

 dafui) the eafternmoft point of Africa, and fleer a dired courfe for the 

 more diftant ports on the weft coaft of India. The improvement in 

 their courfe, which exempted them in a great meafure from the danger 

 of rocks and ftioals, and the ftill-increafing demand for Oriental luxuries 

 in the Roman empire, encouraged the merchants to enlarge the fize of 

 their vefTels, which, by carrying cargoes of greater value, enabled them 

 to fliip a band of archers in each veil'el to beat off the pirates f, who in- 

 fefted feveral parts of the coaft of India, and to bear the expenfe of the 

 prefents, which the fupercargo of every vefTel was obliged to make to 

 the fovereigns, in order to bribe them to permit their fubjeds to enjoy 

 the advantages of trade. [Perip/us Maris Erythr^i. — Plhi. L. vi, c. 23.] 



Though almoft all the ports on the weft coaft of India had been re- 

 forted to by vefTels from Egypt, even before the improvement introduc- 



was much more excufable in their ages than io Gat, the eaftern extremity of Arabia) to Patala at 



ours. the mouth of the Indus. 



The authorities adduced In this note might be •)■ The dcfcendcnts of thofe antient pirates ftiU 



greatly enlarged and reinforced : but I wifh to bo continue to infeft the navigation on the ucll coaft 



45 brief at jK.fiible, whenever it is neceffary to in- of India ; and other piratical tribes, called Sanga- 



troducc any antiquarian difcufTion. rians or Sangarits, and the Kulis, and fome Arab 



• So we may infer from Pliny, who fays, [Z. tribes, commit depredations at the mouths of the 



vi, f. 2j] tint the courfe ftccred at firft by the Indus, and other parts of the coall. {Nichuhr,V. 



wind Hippalus (the fouth-well monfoon) was from ii,/>. 5. — Rcnnell^ Memoir of a Map of HindooJIan, 



fhc Promontory of Ryagros (apparently Ras-al- /'. z^l-'^ 



