84 THE MINDS AND MANNERS 



are drawn back, and far up and down, until the teeth and gums 

 are fully exposed in a ghastly threat of attack. At the same 

 time, the voice gives forth shrill shrieks of rage, correctly rep- 

 resented by the syllable "Ee-ee-ee!", prolonged, and repeated 

 with great force, three or four times. On such occasions as the 

 latter, the offending party must look out for himself, or he may 

 be roughly handled. 



The voice of the chimpanzee is strong, clear, and in cap- 

 tivity it is very much in evidence. Two of its moderate tones 

 are almost musical. It is heard when the animal says, coax- 

 ingly, "Who'-od! Who'-od!" A dozen times a day, our large 

 specimens indulge in spells of loud yelling, purely for their own 

 amusement. Their strident cry sounds like "Hoo-hoo-hoo- 

 hoo! Wah'-hobl W ah' '-hod! Hoo'-hoo! PFafc-h-h-h! 



Wah-h-h-hl" The second combination, "Wah-hoo," consists 

 of two sounds, four notes apart. 



It is with their voices that chimpanzees first manifest their 

 pleasure at seeing cherished friends of the human species, or 

 their anger. Their recognition, and their exuberant joy on 

 such occasions, is quite as apparent to every observer as are the 

 manifestations of welcome of demonstrative human beings. 



Like all other groups of species, the apes of various genera 

 now living vary widely in their mentalities. The chimpanzee 

 has the most alert and human-like mind but with less speed the 

 orang-utan is a good second. The average captive gorilla, if 

 judged by existing standards for ape mentality, is a poor third 

 in the anthropoid scale, below the chimp and orang; but since 

 the rise of Major Penny's family-pet gorilla, named John, we 

 must revise all our former views of that species, and concede 

 exceptions. 



In studying the mental status of the primates I attach great 

 importance to the work and results of the professional trainers 

 who educate animals for stage performances. If the trainer 

 does not know which are the brightest species of apes, baboons 

 and monkeys, then who does? Their own fortunes depend 

 upon their estimate of comparative mentality in the primates. 



