PICEA 27 



when bruised; cones small, cylindrical, 3.5-6 cm. long, falling after the 

 seeds are discharged, cone scales thin, flexible, usually entire : canaden- 

 s i s, Canadian. 



Usually in dry soil with pines, etc., reaching the northern limit of 

 tree growth, Newfoundland and Labrador to the vicinity of Bering Sea, 

 southward to northern New England, New York, the upper Great Lakes, 

 the Black Hills, and the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia. In 

 Minnesota nearly confined to the evergreen forests of the northern and 

 northeastern parts of the state, but straggling southward along the val- 

 ley of the St. Croix river, at least as far as the vicinity of Osceola, Wis- 

 consin. Flowers in May, cones ripe in the autumn of the same year. 

 Ornamental and doing well in cultivation in the more moist parts of the 

 state. 



Wood light yellow, soft, weak, straight-grained, weight 25 lb., used 

 in eastern Canada for lumber, and extensively for paper pulp, for which 

 purpose it is more employed than any other wood. 



Picea mariana (Miller) Brit ton, Sterns and Poggen-- 

 berg 1888 Black Spruce 



P. nigra (Aiton) Link 1831 



A small tree with an upright, straight trunk, and short usually droop- 

 ing branches; bark scaly; leaves bluish green, four-sided, 5-15 mm. long, 

 twigs brown, under the lens appearing more or less hairy; cones small, 

 oval, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, borne on sharply recurved stalks, and remaining 

 long on the tree, scales stiff, thin, usually with toothed margins. 



Usually in cold swamps, often accompanied by tamarack; Labrador 

 and Newfoundland to the valley of the Yukon, southward to northern 

 British Columbia, Minnesota and New Jersey. In Minnesota confined to 

 the evergreen forests of the northeastern and northern parts of the state, 

 and to cold bogs within a few miles of these evergreen forests. It does 

 not extend as far south as the tamarack. Seldom cultivated as it has 

 little beauty to commend it! 



Wood pale yellow, or nearly white, soft, weak, weight 28 lbs. ; seldom 

 used for anything except paper pulp. The resinous exudation from the 

 trunk is "spruce gum" and 'the leaves are boiled to produce the flavor of 

 "spruce beer." 



