iv MINNESOTA TREES AND SHRUBS 



ranges have been drawn chiefly from Sargent's "Silva" and "Manual" 

 for the trees, and from Britton and Brown's "Illustrated Flora" and 

 Gray's "Manual" for the shrubs. The information in regard to the 

 properties and uses of the wood of the various species has been ob- 

 tained almost wholly from Sargent's "Silva". The illustrations of leaf 

 forms have been drawn from Gray's "Lessons in Botany," and the 

 authors are under obligation to the publishers, the American Book 

 Company, and to the holders of the copyright of the book for kind 

 permission to use them. 



Questions of nomenclature, of synonyms and of English names 

 have been largely determined by each writer for his own portion, 

 though it is hoped that the results are fairly consistent. In a some- 

 what popular manual, it has seemed chiefly important that the reader 

 should be able to refer readily and certainly to the standard manuals 

 and to Sargent's "Silva". The sequence of families followed in the 

 text is that of the "Besseyan System", the Monocotyledons being 

 placed after the other phyla, partly because of their supposedly later 

 origin, as well as to avoid separating the Ranales from the other 

 Dicotyledons. Of the descriptive text, Professor Rosendahl has writ- 

 ten about half, comprising Ranales, Rosales, Celastrales, Sapindales, 

 Umbellales, Rubiales and Asterales, with the exception of a few 

 genera. Professor Butters has written somewhat more than a fourth, 

 comprising the Gymnosperms, the Heaths, and the genera, Rosa, 

 Quercus, Lonicera and Diervilla. In addition, he has written the pari 

 of the introduction dealing with the distribution of the woody vegeta- 

 tion, and has prepared the map showing the forest regions. 



The text deals with ioo genera, represented by 274 species and 

 about 25 varieties. All the genera are illustrated, with the exception 

 of one not certainly known to occur in Minnesota. Of the 274 sped 

 15 are not represented by figures. The total number of illustrations 

 is 118, of which 103 are line drawings, and 15 half-tones. 



The botanical publications of the Geological and Natural History 

 Survey constitute, with the present book, nine volumes, under the 

 general heading, "Botanical Series". Four of these volumes belong 

 to the subseries, "Minnesota Botanical Studies", the fourth volume 

 of which is current. Botanical publication in the Survey was sus- 

 pended from 1904 to 1908, and on resuming publication, it seemed 

 wise to make the first number of the "Botanical Studies" part one of 

 volume four. Volume three thus contains but three parts, the title 

 page and index to which are found in part two of volume four. In 

 addition, a popular series, entitled "Minnesota Plant Studies" was 



