74 ELM FAMILY 



b. No twigs with corky lines; sides of fruit 

 smooth ; flowers in dense clusters 



1. Edges of fruit densely hairy; leaves 



rough above, hairy below U. amencaiia 



2. Edges of fruit smooth ; leaves soft above, 



hairy below U. campcstris 



Ulmus fulva M i c h a u x 1803 Slippery Elm, Red Elm 



Tree of medium size, 30-50 ft. high, 1^-2 ft. diam. ; bark gray, 

 rough, the inner layers very mucilaginous; leaves more or less ovate, 

 doubly toothed, tip 1-2 cm. long, saw-toothed, base oblique on one side, 

 rounded on the other, midrib prominent with 20-30 nearly parallel lateral- 

 veins, very rough above, hairy below, or sometimes nearly smooth, 8-15 

 cm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, petioles densely hairy, short, ^-l cm. long, stip- 

 ules papery, deciduous, 1 cm. long; flowers 10-25 in dense umbel-like 

 clusters, mostly perfect, pedicels 3-5 mm. long, sepafs brown-hairy ; fruits 

 rounded, wing smooth, but densely brown-hairy over seed, veiny, edge 

 not ciliate, 15-20 mm. long; flowering in March or April, fruit falling a 

 few weeks later : fulva, red brown, referring to wood and buds. 



In w r oods especially along streams, frequent throughout the state, 

 except in the north; Quebec-Fla-Tex-N. D. 



Wood dark brown or reddish, hard, compact, coarse-grained, splitting 

 easily, durable, weight 43 lbs. per cubic foot ; much used for agricultural 

 implements, boat-ribs, heelstocks, ox-yokes, posts, runners, sills, sleighs 

 and tires. The mucilaginous inner bark is used in medicine as a demul- 

 cent ; it has also some nutritive value. 



Ulmus racemosa Thomas 1831 Cork Elm, Rock Elm 



Tree of medium size, 40-75 ft. high, 1-2 ft. diam.; bark moderately 

 rough, ridges flat on the trunk, prominent and corky on the twigs ; leaves 

 elliptic to ovate, doubly toothed, tip l / 2 -\ cm. long, base oblique and 

 rounded, midrib prominent, lateral veins 30-40, smooth above or nearly 

 so, slightly velvety beneath, 7-12 cm. long, 4-6 cm. wide, petioles hairy 

 or finally smooth, short, 4-10 mm. long, stipules papery, deciduous; flowers 

 6-12 in a raceme, 2-4 cm. long, pedicels prominently jointed, 2-6 mm. long; 

 fruit unequally oval or rounded, hairy on the faces, the edges densely 

 hairy : racemosa, referring to the flower cluster. 



Somewhat common on lowlands in the southwest, but becoming in- 

 frequent westward and lacking northward; Quebec-N. J.-Tenn-Mo-Nebr- 

 Minn. 



