GENERAL EEMAEKS. 5 



corymbose varieties of Madrepora, in which he introduced several new names ; but as no proper 

 descriptions accompany them, they have been regarded as nomina nuda by subsequent authors. 

 Horn, in 1861, described briefly three new. species ; but only one of them, viz. M. tubigera, has 

 been recognized as distinct by his successors. In the account of the Zoophytes of the Antilles 

 published by Duchassaing and Michelotti in 1861, three new species of Madrepora are 

 described, all of which are very imperfectly characterized. So far as can be ascertained, the 

 species in question are simply form-variations of already known West-Indian species. 



Verrill's contributions to the subject consist chiefly of three papers. The first is a list 

 of species sent from the Museum of Comparative Zoology to other institutions in exchange. 

 This list includes 36 species of Madrepora, three of which are new. In his later work on the 

 Polyps and Corals of the North-Pacific Exploring Expedition, 12 species are recorded, 7 of 

 which are described as new and two or three others are referred doubtfully to species previously 

 described by Dana. None of the new species of Madrepora described in either this or the 

 preceding paper are figured, and the exact, position of some of them is still uncertain. In 

 the Catalogue of Deep- Sea Corals contained in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 

 Pourtal^s records only three species, all from the West Indies. Haeckel, in his ' Arabische 

 Korallen,' figures three, possibly four, Red-Sea species of Madrepora under the name 

 Heteropora, Elirb. 



Briiggemann, in 1877, recorded a new species of Madrepora collected by Haeckel in the 

 Red Sea and also gave Mauritius as a habitat for M. gonagra, Ed. & H. ; but the identification 

 in the latter case is probably not correct. In the "following year he also included M. laxa, 

 Lamk., in a list of corals from Singapore. The species described by Briiggemann under this 

 name does not agree with Lamarck's types, but, probably owing to the fuller description 

 which he supplied, subsequent determinations nearly always refer to Briiggemann's species 

 and not to the true M. laxa, Lamk. In 1879 Briiggemann published a report on the 

 Corals of Rodriguez, which includes a list of 11 species oi Madrepora, one of which is described 

 as new. 



Studer's account of the Stony Corals collected in the Pacific Ocean during the voyage of 

 the ' Gazelle ' includes 23 species of Madrepora, of which 5 are new. The name M. secale is 

 also proposed for M. plantaginea^ Dana, which has generally been held to be distinct from 

 the species described under that name by Lamarck. In a later paper (1880) on the Corals of 

 Singapore, the same author gives a list of 23 species, none of which are new, but figures are 

 given of two or three of the more obscure species. The subgenus Isopora was proposed by 

 Studer in this paper. 



Au important work by Klunzinger on the Red-Sea Corals appeared in 1879, an excellent 

 feature of which consists of the photographic plates. The work has a further value from the 

 fact that the author made a careful study of Ehrenberg's type specimens and gives more 

 accurate descriptions of his species. The work includes descriptions and figures of 24 species 

 of Madrepora, of which 17 are recorded as new. This work is excellent, but suffers in some 

 respect from a lack of acquaintance with the types of M.-Edwards, which, it must be admitted, 

 are, in many cases, not sufficiently diagnosed for purposes of identification. In 1880 the 



