82 MADREPORAHIA. 



becomes flat and flaky. The septa of the upper halves of the lateral ealicles are longer than 

 those of the lower, and their edges often show two or three granular swellings. The fossa is 

 necessarily eccentric in such cases. 



In section the reticulum is dense, but the ealicles are visible from the radial arrangement 

 of their 12 thick lamellate septa and large interseptal loculi. 



This was one of two corals originally united in Bruggemann's " species " G. malaccensis, 

 and was afterwards selected as the type of the " species," although the description was based 

 upon them both (see last heading). 



The ealicles in this coral in their more important structural features somewhat resemble 

 those of other forms which also grow as triangular flat-sided columns swelling as they rise, 

 and with the skeletal elements consisting of an expanding sheaf of lamellae which appears 

 at the top as a ragged reticulum (see G. Maldives 2 and 3, PI. VII. figs. 2 and 4, G. Red Sea 1, 

 PI. VIII. fig. 1, and an account of the expanding sheaf method of growth, Introduction, p. 26) 

 The ealicles are here, however, very small (2 mm. and less), and very variable in depth. 

 There are, as a rule, only two cycles of septa, of which one, presumably, the primary is 

 conspicuous, jutting out prominently round a central fossa as stout lamella?, when seen from 

 above, but deeply notched when seen from the side. 



a. Zool. Dept. 78. 4. 1. 4. 



52. Goniopora Singapore {6) 4. (PL VI. figs. 5 and 6 ; PI. XIII. fig. 2.) 



[? Exact locality, coll. Bedford and Lanchester ; Cambridge University Museum ; duplicate 



in British Museum.] 



Description. — Corallum forms lobate pear-shaped masses. The thickness of the base 

 seems to depend upon the nature of the object to which it is attached. The uppermost 

 surface may be coarsely divided by wide valleys into three to four lobes. The living layer, 

 which bulges out laterally, is 4 cm. deep. 



Calicles, on account of the large number of young buds in these swelling knobs, very 

 variable in size up to 4 mm. ; deep, open, angular, and drawn out of shape on the sides ; 

 nearly circular when opening in the lamellate reticulum on the top. The walls show a strong 

 tendency to be reticular (fig. 6) ; they can however be very thin where the calicles are crowded, 

 only in the wall-angles are they then reticular, and these angles may rise like points above a 

 general level. Here and there additional thin synapticuke unite the septa and turn the thin 

 walls into a very porous delicate spiky reticulum. The septa are numerous and conspicuous 

 as thin rows of teeth, they descend vertically and curve round to lose themselves in the large 

 columellar tangle. Their radial symmetry is frequently obscured and the typical formula is 

 seldom complete, and always difficult to unravel. The columellar tangle is very large and 

 spongy, with round perforations in a flaky reticulum, and only in some of the shallowest 

 lateral calicles showing signs of pali-form elevations. 



