40 "TERRA NOVA" EXPEDITION. 



Carpenter's group of sandy-shelled forms, the family Lituolidae, cannot be upheld 

 and maintained. It will therefore form the task of the future to establish the 

 kindred relationships of the forms belonghig to this group, namely, their 

 ascription to Imperforata or Perforata, in a manner more precisely isolated." 



And in his systematic arrangement he adumbrates his departure (or reversion) 

 in such entries as {e.g.) " Gruppe, Miliolida, Carpenter, emend. Biitschli (Milio- 

 lida. Carpenter, 1862 + pars. Lituolidarum, Carpenter). So, in his list, Ammodiscus 

 follows Cornuspira (p. 189) : Ctjclammina follows Polystomella striato-punctata 

 (p. 212) ; Hormosina, HapilosticJie and Reophax are placed among the Lagenidae ; 

 whilst Psammosphaera, Storthosphaera, Thurammina and Sorosphaera follow after 

 Glohigerina, and so on. 



The position of Trorhammina, with its relatively smooth shell, has always 

 raised a question in the minds of students of this matter, and in 1880 Biitschli, 

 in discussing the genus, amplifies his head-note as follows : — 



" As is well known, the sandy-shelled Rhizopods were collected into only 

 three genera by Parker, Jones and Carpenter, and placed together in the family 

 of the Lituolidae among the Imperforata. Of these three genera Valvulina has 

 established itself as certainly belonging to the Perforata in proximity to Bulimina ; 

 the genus Lituola has hereinbefore been conunented upon. The genus Tro- 

 chammina, on the contrary, embraces a great number of mono- and poly-thala- 

 mous forms, remarkably diversified in then- configuration-relationships, which 

 were only connected together on account of the finer nature of their shell-wall. 

 These construct themselves by the putting together of fine sand-grains, which are 

 so closely built together that the outer surface of the shell always appears smooth 

 and sometimes indeed as if polished ; the inner surface is also smooth and is 

 never furnished with labyrinthic outgrowths. Brady has already split up this 

 protean genus into sub-genera, Ammodiscus, Trochammina, Hormosina, and 

 Wehbina ; we think that, as has already been done by von Zittel. these separated 

 so-called sub-genera should be connected with those calcareous forms to which 

 by their construction they most nearly approach. There remains only the so-called 

 sub-genus Trochammina (since Hormosina will be commented upon as annexed 

 to Nodosaria). These comprehensive polythalamous, rotaloid, trochoid or invo- 

 lute nautiloid, in their construction at times come so close to the calcareous 

 Rotalinae, or Nonioninae, and at times to Pullenia and Glohigerina and Haplo- 

 phragmium. that we are much inclined to place them among these. Since we, as 

 yet, possess no agreed knowledge on these forms, we think that we should merely 

 refer to their relationships, and hope that future researches upon the placing of 

 these forms will soon be pronounced upon. It seems probable that the genus 

 Trochammina might best be entirely separated." 



Finally, under the heading " Arenaceous Rotalinae " (p. 207), Biitschli 



