Oil sand 100 feet thick, at 20 per cent saturation, 155,400 barrels. 



Oil sand 200 feet thick, at 20 per cent saturation, 310,800 barrels. 



Oil sand 300 feet thick, at 20 per cent saturation, 466,200 barrels. 



Oil sand 400 feet thick, at 20 per cent saturation, 621 ,600 barrels. 



Oil sand 500 feet thick at 20 per cent saturation, 777,000 barrels. 



Oil sand 600 feet thick, at 20 per cent saturation, 932.400 barrels. 



This is estimating that all the oil should be extracted from the sand. 

 The experience of the leading experts show that fully 90 per cent has been 

 successfully taken out of the oil sands of California where the wells have 

 been exhausted. Where the oil measures have been carefully kept in the 

 boring of the wells, there can be but little error in the calculations. From 

 these statistics the value of the oil field can be estimated closely. By 

 these statistics obtained by much care and close calculation, forty acres 

 of oil land with an oil sand of 400 feet would contain 24,640,000 barrels 

 of oil, and if the saturation is greater than 20 per cent, as in many cases, 

 the product would be correspondingly greater. 



There has been but little known about the real value of the oil fields 

 of California, and when one considers the future of the manufacturing 

 industry on the Pacific Coast, and the demands that will be made upon 

 the oil fields for crude petroleum for fuel for the merchant marine, that 

 will carry on the commerce of the Pacific, one may begin to estimate the 

 value of petroleum as a fuel, leaving out the demand for refined oil. Twenty 

 thousand locomotives in the United States are being changed from coal to 

 oil burners. The onward march of the American nation toward the Pacific 

 Coast means increased demand for fuel, and he who does not see it is 

 blind to the evolution of the age. 



Use OF Petroleum and Products 

 FOR Production of Power. 



By JOHN H. H0PP5 



NO one factor contributes so much to the development of a country 

 where labor is scarce and highly paid as cheap, power. Ever since 

 the invention of the steam engine, the efforts of engineers have been 

 directed toward the securing of an increase in efficiency of the prime 

 movers, the object being a reduction in the cost of power. 



The cost of power depends primarily on the cost of fuel, and 

 the influence of the practically unlimited supply of petroleum on the in- 

 dustrial development of California will be to foster manufacturing enter- 

 prises, Its influence in this direction being clearly noticeable. 



Petroleum and its products are used as fuel for the production of 

 power In two ways: First — By utilizing the heat generated by the com- 

 bustion of the fuel to produce steam in a boiler for use in a steam engine; 

 Second — By the combustion of the fuel either as a gas or an oil vapor in 

 the cylinder of a gas or gasoline engine. 



The obvious advantages of liquid fuel for the production of steam 

 power are briefly: First — Low cost and high efficiency: Second — Increased 

 capacity of boilers: Third — Ease of transportation; Fourth — Reduction of 

 storage bulk; Fifth — Ease and rapidity with which oil fires can be regu- 

 lated; Sixth — Saving of labor; Seventh — Cleanliness; with liquid fuel there 

 is no smoke. 



Crude petroleum can now be contracted for delivered in San Fran- 

 cisco for forty-five cents per barrel. A barrel of oil of fifteen degrees 

 gravity (Beaume) weighs 337 pounds, making the cost of oil per pound 

 0.1336 cents. Coal at $5.00 per long ton costs 0.223 cents per pound. 

 One pound of average fuel oil will generate sufficient heat to turn 

 into steam from 12 to 15 pounds of water from and at a temperature of 

 212 degrees F., depending on the efficiency of the boiler. 



