X CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 



VIII. THE PLANT BODY Continued 



B. Histology 75 



1. Root 78 



2. Stem 81 



3. Leaf 82 



C. Physiology 84 



1. Circulation Paths 85 



2. Dynamics of Circulation 88 



3. Food Utilization 89 



IX. REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS 91 



A. Spore Formation 92 



B. Gamete Formation 94 



C. Sex Differentiation 96 



D. Reproductive Organs 98 



E. Alternation of Generations 100 



1. The Moss 100 



2. The Fern 103 



3. Higher Ferns 105 



4. Flowering Plants 107 



X. THE ANIMAL BODY 115 



A. The Chief Groups of Animals . 116 



B. Hydra 118 



C. Earthworm 121 



D. Crayfish 129 



E. Vertebrates 135 



1. Body Plan 136 



2. Skin 138 



3. Muscles 138 



4. Coelom 140 



5. Skeleton 140 



F. Diagnostic Vertebrate Characters 146 



XI. NUTRITION IN ANIMALS 154 



A. The Alimentary Canal . 154 



B. Digestion 157 



XII. CIRCULATION AND RESPIRATION IN ANIMALS . . . 161 



A. Circulation in the Lower Vertebrates . . . . 162 



B. Respiration 168 



C. Circulation in the Higher Vertebrates . . . . 170 



XIII. EXCRETION IN ANIMALS 175 



XIV. COORDINATION IN ANIMALS 181 



A. Chemical Coordination 181 



B. Coordination by the Nervous System .... 183 



