400 



FOUNDATIONS OF BIOLOGY 



gists interpreted as the true living matter of animals, and the 

 quite similar material which botanists considered the true 

 living part of plants are practically identical. This viewpoint 

 was crystallized in the early sixties by SCHULTZE (1825- 

 1874) of Germany in the formulation of the protoplasm 

 concept and thenceforth not only morphological elements 



FIG. 206. Theodor Schwann. 



cells but also the material of which they are composed 

 protoplasm were recognized as fundamentally the same in 

 all living beings. Indeed, the realization of a common physi- 

 cal basis of life in both plants and animals a common 

 denominator to which all vital phenomena are reducible 

 gave content to the term biology and created the science of 

 life in its modern form. 



