220 



THE HEMLOCK. 



2" long, each with 10-20 anthers. The pollen grains are 

 single. The $ aments are terminal, ovoid, 3" long, composed 

 of imbricated green scales (carpels). The fruit is an oblong 

 brown cone three-fourths of an inch long, pendant on the ends 

 of the slender branchlets. The scales are about 20, rounded, 

 2-seeded. The seeds are winged, naked as in the Pines. 

 This is Abies Canadensis. 



The Order. From these examples the student will 

 apprehend the nature of the CONIFERJE (Conifers) or Cone- 

 bearers. 



Trees and shrubs with resinous juice. 



Leaves evergreen, awl-shaped or needle-shaped. 



Flowers in aments, monoecious, without calyx or corolla. 



Ovary an open scale 2-ovuled, with no stigma. 



Seeds with pericarp, truly naked. 



Classification. With their wood growing by external 

 layers and the embryo of 2 or more cotyledons, the 



Coniferae are Exogens. But 

 they differ from other Exo- 

 gens in having no stigma, 

 and open carpels never in- 

 dosing the naked seeds. 

 Hence the division of the 

 Exogens into two classes 

 the Gymnosperms (gym- 

 nos, naked, sperma, seeds), 

 including the Coniferse, and 

 the Angiosperms (angios, a 

 vessel, and sperma), includ- 

 ing all other Exogens. 



5, Pitted wood-cells of Pine greatly mag- 

 nified ; m, medullary rays. 



The Conifers. Here are 

 associated 20 genera and 100 

 species, " sons of the forest and forest kings, gigantic in size, noble in 

 aspect, robust in constitution." They inhabit all climates, but are most 



