CHAPTEE V 



THE MENTAL PHENOMENA OF ANIMALS 



IN the course of the preceding chapters, atten- 

 tion has been more than once called to the fact, 

 that the elements of consciousness and the opera- 

 tions of the mental faculties, under discussion, 

 exist independently of and antecedent to, the ex- 

 istence of language. 



If any weight is to be attached to arguments 

 from analogy, there is overwhelming evidence in 

 favour of the belief that children, before they can 

 speak, and deaf mutes, possess the feelings to 

 which those who have acquired the faculty of 

 speech apply the name of sensations; that they 

 have the feelings of relation; that trains of ideas 

 pass through their minds; that generic ideas are 

 formed from specific ones; and, that among these, 

 ideas of memory and expectation occupy a most 

 important place, inasmuch as, in their quality of 

 potential beliefs, they furnish the grounds of ac- 

 tion. This conclusion, in truth, is one of those 

 which, though they cannot be demonstrated, are 

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