Ill THE NEANDERTHAL MAN 177 



appendages of the air-passages, also indicates an unusual force 

 and power of endurance in the movements of the body, as may 

 be concluded from the size of all the ridges and processes for 

 the attachment of the muscles or bones. That this conclusion 

 may be drawn from the existence of large frontal sinuses, and a 

 prominence of the lower frontal region, is confirmed in many 

 ways by other observations. By the same characters, according 

 to Pallas, the wild horse is distinguished from the domesticated, 

 and, according to Cuvier, the fossil cave-bear from every recent 

 species of bear, whilst, according to Roulin, the pig, which has 

 become wild in America, and regained a resemblance to the 

 wild boar, is thus distinguished from the same animal in the 

 domesticated state, as is the chamois from the goat ; and^ lastly, 

 the bull-dog, which is characterised by its large bones and 

 strongly-developed muscles from every other kind of dog. The 

 estimation of the facial angle, the determination of which, 

 according to Professor Owen, is also difficult in the great apes, 

 owing to the very prominent supra-orbital ridges, in the present 

 case is rendered still more difficult from the absence both of the 

 auditory opening and of the nasal spine. But if the proper 

 horizontal position of the skull be taken from the remaining 

 portions of the orbital plates, and the ascending line made to 

 touch the surface of the frontal bone behind the prominent 

 supra-orbital ridges, the facial angle is not found to exceed 56. 1 

 Unfortunately, no portions of the facial bones, whose conforma- 

 tion is so decisive as regards the form and expression of the 

 head, have been preserved. The cranial capacity, compared 

 with the uncommon strength of the corporeal frame, would seem 

 to indicate a small cerebral development. The skull, as it is, 

 holds about 31 ounces of millet-seed ; and as, from the propor- 

 tionate size of the wanting bones, the whole cranial cavity 

 should have about 6 ounces more added, the contents, were it 

 perfect, may be taken at 37 ounces. Tiedemann assigns, as the 

 cranial contents in the Negro, 40, 38, and 35 ounces. The 

 cranium holds rather more than 36 ounces of water which 



1 Estimating the facial angle in the way suggested, on the 

 cast I should place it at 64 to 67. G. B. 

 176 



