210 METHODS AND RESULTS OF ETHNOLOGY IV 



science ; and in regard to which, therefore, 

 ethnologists are especially bound to keep their 

 minds open and their judgments freely balanced. 



Ethnology, as thus denned, is a branch of 

 ANTHROPOLOGY, the great science which un- 

 ravels the complexities of human structure ; 

 traces out the relations of man to other animals ; 

 studies all that is especially human in the mode 

 in which man's complex functions are performed ; 

 and searches after the conditions which have 

 determined his presence in the world. And 

 anthropology is a section of ZOOLOGY, which 

 again is the animal half of BIOLOGY the science 

 of life and living things. 



Such is the position of ethnology, such are the 

 objects of the ethnologist. The paths or methods, 

 by following which he may hope to reach his 

 goal, are diverse. He may work at man from the 

 point of view of the pure zoologist, and investigate 

 the anatomical and physiological peculiarities of 

 Negroes, Australians, or Mongolians, just as he 

 would inquire into those of pointers, terriers, and 

 turnspits, " persistent modifications " of man's 

 almost universal companion. Or he may seek 

 aid from researches into the most human mani- 

 festation of humanity Language; and assuming 

 that what is true of speech is true of the speaker 

 a hypothesis as questionable in science as it is 

 in ordinary life he may apply to mankind them- 

 selves the conclusions drawn from a search- 



