V BRITISH ETHNOLOGY 259 



the combined and independent testimony of Pliny 

 and Ammianus assures us that the Germans were 

 as much in the habit of reddening their hair as 

 the Gauls. As to De Belloguet's supposition that, 

 even in Caligula's time, the Gauls had become 

 darker than their ancestors were, it is directly 

 contradicted by Ammianus Marcellinus, who knew 

 the Gauls well. " Celsioris staturse et candidi 

 poene Galli sunt omnes, et rutili, luminumque 

 torvitate terribiles," is his description; and it 

 would fit the Gauls who sacked Rome. 



III. In none of the invasions of Britain which 

 have taken place since the Roman dominion, has 

 any other type of man been introduced than one or 

 other of the two which existed during that dominion. 



The North Germans, who effected what is 

 commonly called the Saxon conquest of Britain, 

 were, most assuredly, a fair, yellow, or red-haired, 

 blue-eyed, long-skulled people. So were the Danes 

 and the Norsemen who followed them ; though it 

 is very possible that the active slave trade which 

 went on, and the intercourse with Ireland, may 

 have introduced a certain admixture of the dark 

 stock into both Denmark and Norway. The 

 Norman conquest brought in new ethnological 

 elements, the precise value of which cannot be 

 estimated with exactness ; but as to their quality, 

 there can be no question, inasmuch as even the 

 wide area from which William drew his followers 

 could yield him nothing but the fair and the dark 



