X GEOLOGICAL REFORM 317 



DEVELOPMENT, or the series of changes which it 

 passes through to acquire its complete structure. 

 Then I find that the living being has certain 

 powers resulting from its own activities, and the 

 interaction of these with the activities of other 

 things the knowledge of which is PHYSIOLOGY. 

 Beyond this the living being has a position in 

 space and time, which is its DISTRIBUTION. All 

 these form the body of ascertainable facts which 

 constitute the status quo of the living creature. 

 But these facts have their causes ; and the 

 ascertainment of these causes is the doctrine of 

 ETIOLOGY. 



If we consider what is knowable about the 

 earth, we shall find that such earth-knowledge 

 if I may so translate the word geology falls into 

 the same categories. 



What is termed stratigraphical geology is neither 

 more nor less than the anatomy of the earth ; and 

 the history of the succession of the formations is 

 the history of a succession of such anatomies, or 

 corresponds with development, as distinct from 

 generation. 



The internal heat of the earth, the elevation 

 and depression of its crust, its belchings forth 

 of vapours, ashes, and lava, are its activities, in as 

 strict a sense as are warmth and the movements 

 and products of respiration the activities of an 

 animal. The phenomena of the seasons, of the 

 trade winds, of the Gulf-stream, are as much the 



