370 PALAEONTOLOGY AND EVOLUTION XI 



fauna of the sub-Himalayas and the Perim Islands ; 

 Gaudry that of Attica ; many observers that of 

 Central Europe and France ; and Leidy that of 

 Nebraska, on the eastern flank of the Rocky 

 Mountains. The results are very striking. The 

 total Miocene fauna comprises many genera and 

 species of Catarrhine Apes, of Bats, of Insectiwra ; 

 of Arctogseal types of Ecdentia ; of Proboscidea ; of 

 equine, rhinocerotic, and tapirine quadrupeds ; of 

 cameline, bovine, antilopine, cervine, and traguline 

 Ruminants; of Pigs and Hippopotamuses; of 

 Viverridce and Hycenidce among other Carnivora ; 

 with Edentata allied to the Arctogasal Orycteropus 

 and Mania, and not to the Austro-Columbian 

 Edentates. The only type present in the Miocene 

 but absent in the existing, fauna of Eastern Arc- 

 togsea, is that of the Didelphidce, which, however, 

 remains in North America. 



But it is very remarkable that while the 

 Miocene fauna of the Arctogaeal province, as 

 a whole, is of the same character as the existing 

 fauna of the same province, as a whole, the com- 

 ponent elements of the fauna were differently as- 

 sociated. In the Miocene epoch, North America 

 possessed Elephants, Horses, Rhinoceroses, and a 

 great number and variety of Ruminants and Pigs, 

 which are absent in the present indigenous fauna ; 

 Europe had its Apes, Elephants, Rhinoceroses, 

 Tapirs, Musk-deer, Giraffes, Hyenas, great Cats, 

 Edentates, and Opossum-like Marsupials, which 



