in SCIENCE AND MORALS. 139 



only the nearer moiety of the chain of causes and 

 effects, by which the phenomena we call material 

 give rise to those which we call mental; hereafter, 

 we shall get to the further end of the series. 



In my innocence, I have been in the habit of 

 supposing that this is merely a statement of facts, 

 and that the good Bishop Berkeley, if he were 

 alive, would find such facts fit into his system with- 

 out the least difficulty. That Mr. Lilly should 

 play into the hands of his foes, by declaring that 

 unmistakable facts make for them, is an exempli- 

 fication of ways that are dark, quite unintelligible 

 to me. Surely Mr. Lilly does not hold that the 

 disbelief in spontaneity which term, if it has any 

 meaning at all, means uncaused action is a mark 

 of the beast Materialism? If so, he must be pre- 

 pared to tackle many of the Cartesians (if not 

 Descartes himself), Spinoza and Leibnitz among 

 the philosophers, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, 

 Calvin and his followers among theologians, as 

 Materialists and that surely is a sufficient re- 

 ductio ad absurdum of such a classification. 



The truth is, that in his zeal to paint " Materi- 

 alism/' in large letters, on everything he dislikes, 

 Mr. Lilly forgets a very important fact, which, 

 however, must be patent to every one who has 

 paid attention to the history of human thought; 

 and that fact is, that every one of the specula- 

 tive difficulties which beset Kant's three prob- 

 lems, the existence of a Deity, the freedom of the 



