v IN HUMAN SOCIETY. 205 



The primitive savage, tutored by Istar, appropri- 

 ated whatever took his fancy, and killed whomso- 

 ever opposed him, if he could. On the contrary, ; 

 the ideal of the ethical man is to limit his freedom 

 of action to a sphere in which he does not inter- 

 fere with the freedom of others; he seeks the com- 

 mon weal as much as his own; and, indeed, as an 

 essential part of his own welfare. Peace is both 

 end and means with him; and he founds his life 

 on a more or less complete self-restraint, which 

 is the negation of the unlimited struggle for ex- 

 istence^ He tries to escape from his place in the 

 animal kingdom, founded on the free develop- 

 ment of the principle of non-moral evolution, and 

 to establish a kingdom of Man, governed upon the 

 principle of moral evolution. For society not 

 only has a moral end, but in its perfection, social 

 life, is embodied morality. 



But the effort of ethical man to work towards 

 a moral end by no means abolished, perhaps has 

 hardly modified, the deep-seated organic impulses 

 which impel the natural man to follow his non- 

 moral course. One of the most essential condi- 

 tions, if not the chief cause, of the struggle for 

 existence, is the tendency to multiply without 

 limit, which man shares with all living things. 

 It is notable that " increase and multiply " is a 

 commandment traditionally much older than the 

 ten; and that it is, perhaps, the only one which 

 has been spontaneously and ex animo obeyed by 



