CHAPTER XXIII 

 TRAINING, PRUNING, ETC. 



Forms of Training. 



MY wish here is to give the general principle governing 

 these important operation s. Though applied more especially 

 to fruit-trees, they are intended also to have reference to 

 plants and trees in other departments. Among fruit-trees 

 there are many different forms of training. We might 

 mention the bush, the standard, the pyramid, the espalier, 

 the cordon* the horizontal, the fanshaped and the upright 

 (See Figs. 93-100.) 



Shaping a Tree. 



The necessity of giving some sort of shape to a tree 

 must be apparent to all who have had occasion to observe 

 the different mode of growth between a wild fruit-tree 

 and a cultivated one. If allowed to run wild at the start, 

 the result will be that much growth will be made, and 

 little or no fruit. It must be recognised that the aim of 

 a tree is not to produce large fruit for human consumption, 

 but rather to form a protective covering for the seed 

 wherewith to reproduce its kind. This is in nature found 

 to be not incompatible with a quantity of growth. For 

 our own use we require much fruit, and only enough 

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